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DC MOTORS

TOPICS TO DISCUSS

Introduction to DC MOTORS.
Principle.
Construction.
Working.
Types.
Applications.

DC MOTOR
A DC motor or Direct

Current Motor converts


electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
A direct current (DC) motor is a fairly simple

electric motor that uses electricity and a


magnetic fieldto produce torque, which turns
the rotor and hence give mechanical work.

PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTORS
In any electric motor,

operation is based on simple


electromagnetism.
When acurrent-carrying

conductor is placed in an
external magnetic field, it
will experience a force i.e.
Lorentz force.
Due to this force torque is

produced which rotates the


rotor of motor and hence a
motor runs.

CONSTRUCTION
DC motor consist of 2

windings
1. Field winding.
2. Armature winding.
Field winding is stationary

and armature winding can


rotate freely.
Field windings when given
DC supply, magnetic field is
produced.
Armature winding when
connected to DC source,
shaft connected to it rotates

WORKING OF DC MOTORS

TYPES OF DC MOTORS
DC motor are of 3 types they

are..
1. DC SHUNT MOTOR
2. DC SERIES MOTOR
3. DC COMPOUND

MOTOR

1.

DC SHUNT MOTOR

The parallel combination of

two windings is connected


across a common dc power
supply.
The resistance of shunt field
winding (Rsh) is always
higher than that is armature
winding.
This is because the number
of turns for the field winding
is more than that of
armature winding.
The cross-sectional area of
the wire used for field

Armatur
e

2.

DC SERIES MOTOR

The field winding is

connected in series with the


armature.
The current passing through
the series winding is same
as the armature current .
Therefore the series field
winding has fewer turns of
thick wire than the shunt
field winding.
Also therefore the field
winding will posses a low
resistance then the armature
winding.

3.

DC COMPOUND MOTOR

I.

LONG SHUNT COMPOUND MOTOR

In this the series winding

is connected in series
with the armature
winding and the shunt
winding is connected in
parallel with the
armature connection.

II. SHORT SHUNT COMPUND MOTOR


In short shunt compound

motor the series winding


is connected in series to
the parallel combination of
armature and the shunt
winding
This is done to get good
starting torque and
constant speed
characteristics.

a) CUMULATIVE COMPOUND DC
MOTORS
If the two field windings i.e. series

and shunt are wounded in such a


way that the fluxes produced by
them add or assist each other

b) DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND DC
MOTORS
If the two field winding
i.e. series
and shunt are wounded in such a
way that the fluxes produced by
them always try to oppose and try
to cancel each other.

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
MOTORS..

D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

D.C. SERIES MOTOR

D.C. COMPOUND MOTOR

APPLICATIONS
LATHES , FANS, PUMPS DISC
AND BAND SAW DRIVE
REQUIRING MODERATE
TORQUES.

ELECTRIC TRACTION, HIGH


SPEED TOOLS

ROLLING MILLS AND OTHER


LOADS REQUIRING LARGE
MOMENTARY TORQUES.

DC SHUNT MOTOR

IMPORTANCE OF BACK EMF

torque developed in a DC motor

This is the torque equation of a DC motor.


Hence the torque of a given DC motor is proportional to
the product of the armature current and the flux.

NECESSITY OF STARTER

Basic arrangement of a starter

There are three types of starters used for d.c.


motors.
a) Three point starter
b) Four point starter
c) Two point starter

hold on coil.

Three point starter

Thre point starter with brass arc

Disadvantage
In this starter,
the NVC and the field winding are in series.
So while controlling the speed of the motor
above rated, field current is reduced by adding
an extra resistance in series with the field
winding.
This may release the handle from its RUN
position switching off the motor.

FOUR POINT STARTER

Disadvantage
If under running condition, field gets opened, the
field reduces to zero.
But there is some residual flux present and N
the motor tries to run with dangerously high speed

2 point starter in a DC motor

LOSSES IN A D.C. MOTOR

A - B = Copper losses
B - C = Iron and friction
losses

D.C. MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS


i) Torque-Armature current characteristics (T Vs ) :
ii) Speed-Armature current characteristics (N Vs )
:
iii) Speed-Torque characteristics (N Vs T ) :

Characteristics of D.C. Shunt Motor

T Vs
for shun motor

iii) Speed-Torque characteristics

Fig. N Vs T for shnt motor

CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C. SERIES MOTOR

Why Series Motor is Never Started on


No Load ?

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTOR

Types

of Characteristics

Applications

motor
Speed

Shunt

is

fairly 1) Blowers and fans

constant

and 2)Centrifugal and

medium

starting 3) Lathe machines

torque.

reciprocating pump

4) Machine tools
5) Milling machines

6) Drilling machines
High starting torque. 1) Cranes
No load
Series

condition
dangerous.
Variable speed.

2) Hoists, Elevators
is 3) Trolleys
4) Conveyors
5) Electric locomotives

High starting torque, 1) Rolling mills


Cumulative
compound

No load
condition is allowed.

3) Shears
4) Heavy planers

Speed
Differential

2) Punches

load

increases

5) Elevators
as Not suitable for any practical application.

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. MOTORS

SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTORS


The speed of a shunt motor can be
changed by
(i) flux control method
(ii) armature control method
(iii) voltage control method
Flux control method

Armature control method

Voltage control method

Ward-Leonard system.

Multiple voltage control.

Speed control of Series motor

Flux divertor

Armature divertor

Speed control of Series motor

Paralleling Field coil


Tapped Field control

Variable resistance in series with motor

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES


There are different methods of testing d.c motors. These are broadly
classified as:
i) Direct method of testing
ii) Indirect method of testing

DIRECT METHOD OF TESTING (BRAKE TEST)

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES


Indirect method of testing - Swinburnes Test (or) No
Load Test

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES


Hopkinsons-Test (or) Regenerative Test

TESTING OF D.C. MACHINES

Electrical Braking of DC motors

DC MACHINE DYNAMICS

With solid-state controls their speeds and


outputs can be controlled easily over a wide
range for both dynamic and steady-state
operation.
By addition of the feedback circuit, the machine
characteristics can be further modified,
The aim of this section is to study dc machines

THANK YOU

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