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Terminologies (cont.):
2. Misuse / Heavy Use suggest consumption of alcohol to
the point where it causes physical, social, or mental harm
to the drinker
3. Abuse within the field of medicine, refers to use of a
prescribed medication in excess of the prescribed
dosage
(note: there are medications that contains alcohol in
some percentage)
Alcohol Abuse means you engage in excessive drinking that
results in health or social problems, but you are not
dependent on alcohol & havent fully lost control over the use
of alcohol.
Terminologies (cont.):
4. Dependence
Physical dependence the bodys physical adaptation
to the persistent presence of alcohol (ex. Taking alcohol
will relieve them from physical pain
Psychological dependence a persons mental reliance
upon alcohol to maintain their mental status quo (ex.
Taking alcohol will relieve them from stress, worry, or
anxiety
Addiction refers to any condition which results in the
continuation of behaviors demonstrated as harmful to
that person
Complications (cont.):
Alcohol in excessive amount affects speech & muscle
coordination
Too much alcohol can depress the vital centers of the
brain COMA
Excessive alcohol can cause fatigue & short-term
memory loss as well as weakness & paralysis of your
eye muscles
Other Complications:
Domestic abuse & divorce
Poor performance at work or school
Increased likelihood of motor vehicle fatalities and arrest
for drunken driving
Greater susceptibility to accidental injuries from other
causes
Higher incidence of suicide and murder
ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
Heavy consumption of alcohol results in the reduction of
GABA (neuro-inhibitor)
Abrupt stop results in inadequate quantities of GABA
No synaptic inhibition / uncontrolled firing of synapses
No inhibitory / depressant action from alcohol
Hallucination
Tremors
Convulsions
Possible heart failure
Delirium tremens
Treatments:
i. Detoxification & withdrawal takes about 4-7 days; need
to take sedating medications to prevent delirium
tremens & other withdrawal seizures
ii. Medical assessment & treatment common medical
problems related to alcoholism are high BP, increase
blood sugar, liver & heart disease are addressed or
treated
iii. Psychological support & psychiatric treatment
counseling & therapy support recovery from the
psychological aspects of alcoholism; family support can
be an important part of the recovery process; involving
the spouse in the treatment process may increase the
chances of successful recovery
Treatments (cont):
iv. Emphasis on acceptance & abstinence effective
treatment is impossible unless you accept that youre
addicted & unable to control your drinking
v. Drug treatment an alcohol-sensitizing drug called
disulfiram (Antabuse) may be a strong deterrent if
taken with alcohol, produces severe physical reactions
flushing, nausea, vomiting & headaches; Naltrexone
(Revia), also reduces a recovering alcoholics urge to
drink; Acamprosate (Campral), an anti-craving
medication that may help you combat alcohol cravings
& remain abstinent from alcohol
vi. Continuing support aftercare programs helps
recovering alcoholics abstain from alcohol, manages
relapse & cope with necessary lifestyle changes
Prevention:
1) Knowing & recognizing a family history of alcoholism,
an important steps toward seeking treatment.
2) Early intervention is particularly important to prevent
alcohol dependence especially teenagers.
3) Recognizing that the likelihood of alcohol addiction
depends on the influence of parents, peers & other role
models, susceptibility to advertising, how early in life
they begin to use alcohol, the psychological need for
alcohol & genetic factors which predisposes them to
addiction.
Prevention (cont.):
4) To prevent teenage alcohol use, start be setting a good
example with your own alcohol use. Talk openly with
your child & spend quality time together but respects
your childs need for independence. Let your child know
what behavior you expect and what the consequences
will be if he or she doesnt follow the rules. Make sure
your child understands the legal & medical
consequences of drinking.
Slides
Cirrhotic Liver
Normal Heart
Enlarged Heart
Gastritis
DRUG ADDICTION
A compulsive use of psychoactive drugs to the point where the
user has no effective choice but to continue use.
Two (2) Components of Drug Addiction:
1. Physical Dependency
occurs when a drug has been used habitually and the
body has become accustomed to its effects
the person must then continue to use the drug in order
to feel normal, or its absence will trigger the symptoms of
withdrawal
2. Psychological Dependency
occurs when a drug has been used habitually & the
mind has become emotionally reliant on its effects, either
to elicit pleasure or relieve pain, and does not feel capable
of functioning without it
Characteristics of Drug Addiction:
1. An overpowering desire or need (compulsion) to continue
taking the drug & to obtain it by any means
2. A tendency to increase the dose
3. A Psychic (psychological) & generally a physical
dependence on the effects of the drug
Other TERMS:
Tolerance the bodys physical adaptation to a drug;
greater amounts of the drug are required over time to
achieve the initial effect as the body gets used to and
adapts to the intake
Example:
Some anesthesia medications are alcohol-based. If you
are an alcoholic, you may need more amounts of
anesthesia than the usual dose given to a non-alcoholic
person.
Same thing with narcotic analgesics. If you are a
narcotic drug addict (like using ketamine, morphine,
opium, cocaine), you need higher doses of medications
to relieve your pain.
Note:
Analgesics
Codeine
Heroin
Laxatives
Amphetamines
Nicotine
Opiates
Phencyclidine
Barbiturates
Dextromethorphan
Hydrocodone
Meperidine
Methadone
Oxycodone
Benzodiazepines
Flunitrazepam
Therapy:
Psychological behavior modification methods
Replacement drugs to gradually wean the user
Residential treatment program (Rehabilitation Centers)
this is for seriously addicted individual in order to isolate
the patient from drugs & interactions with other users &
dealers
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