MODULE 2 OP-AMP

Operational amplifiers : Characteristics, op-amp architecture, Offset

and Bias Voltages and Current, Slew Rate, Finite Frequency
Response, Gain-bandwidth product, Linear op-amp circuits, Non
Linear Op-amp Circuits: Open Loop Comparator, Polarity Indicator,
Schmitt Trigger; astable and monostable circuits, Active filters: LPF
& HPF using Sallen-Key configuration, Simulation of circuits using
LTSPICE

WHAT IS AN OP-AMP
Low cost integrating circuit consisting of:
Transistors
Resistors
Capacitors
Able to amplify a signal due to an external power supply
Name derives from its use to perform operations on a
signal.

OP-AMP CHARACTERISTICS
An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have
the following properties:
Infinite open-loop gain G = vout / v. ...
Infinite input impedance Rin, and so zero
input current.
Zero input offset voltage.
Infinite output voltage range.
Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and
infinite slew rate.
Zero output impedance R. ...
Zero noise

Power Bandwidth
The maximum frequency at which a sinusoidal output signal can be
produced without causing distortion in the signal.
The power bandwidth, BWp is determined using the desired
output signal amplitude and the the slew rate (see next slide)
specifications of the op amp.
BWp =

SR

2Vo(max)
SR = 2fVo(max) where SR is the slew rate
Example:
Given: Vo(max) = 12 V and SR = 500 kV/s
Find:

BWp

Solution:

BWp =

500 kV/s = 6.63 kHz

2 * 12 V

Slew Rate
A limitation of the maximum possible rate of change of the
output of an operational amplifier.
As seen on the previous slide,

SR = vo/tmax

SR = 2fVo(max)
f is the
frequency in
Hz

This is derived from:

Slew Rate is independent of the

closed-loop gain of the op amp.

Example:
Given: SR = 500 kV/s and vo = 12 V (Vo(max) = 12V)
Find: The t and f.
Solution: t = vo / SR = (10 V) / (5x105 V/s) = 2x10-5 s
f = SR / 2Vo(max) = (5x105 V/s) / (2 * 12) = 6,630 Hz

Slew Rate Distortion

v

desired output
waveform

SR = v/t = m (slope)

v
actual output
because of
slew rate
limitation

The picture above shows exactly what happens when the

slew rate limitations are not met and the output of the
operational amplifier is distorted.

Noise Gain
The noise gain of an amplifier is independent of the amplifiers
configuration (inverting or noninverting)
The noise gain is given by the formula:
AN = R 1 + R F
R1
Example 1: Given a noninverting amplifier with the resistance
values, R1 = 2 k and RF = 200 k
Find: The noise gain.
AN = 2 k + 200 k = 101
Note: For the
2 k
noninverting amplifier AN = AV
Example 2: Given an inverting amplifier with the resistance
values, R1 = 2 k and RF = 20 k
Find: The noise gain.
AN = 2 k + 20 k = 12
Note: For the
2 k
inverting amplifier AN > AV

Gain-Bandwidth Product
In most operational amplifiers, the open-loop gain begins
dropping off at very low frequencies. Therefore, to make the
op amp useful at higher frequencies, gain is traded for
bandwidth.
The Gain-Bandwidth Product (GBW) is given by:
GBW = ANBW
Example: For a 741 op amp, a noise gain of 10 k corresponds
to a bandwidth of ~200 Hz
Find: The GBW
GBW = 10 k * 200 Hz = 2 MHz

Cascaded Amplifiers - Bandwidth

Quite often, one amplifier does not increase the signal enough
and amplifiers are cascaded so the output of one amplifier is the
input to the next.
The amplifiers are matched so:
BWS = BW1 = BW2 = GBW where, BWS is the bandwidth of all
AN the cascaded amplifiers and AN is
the noise gain
The Total Bandwidth of the Cascaded Amplifiers is:
BWT = BWs(21/n 1)1/2
where n is the number of amplifiers
that are being cascaded
Example: Cascading 3 Amplifiers with GBW = 1 MHz and AN = 15,
Find: The Total Bandwidth, BWT
BWS = 1 MHz / 15 = 66.7 kHz
BWT = 66.7 kHz (21/3 1)1/2 = 34 kHz

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) relates to the ability of
the op amp to reject common-mode input voltage. This is very
important because common-mode signals are frequently
encountered in op amp applications.
CMRR = 20 log|AN / Acm|
Acm =

AN

log-1 (CMRR / 20)

We solve for Acm because Op Amp data sheets list the CMRR value.
The common-mode input voltage is an average of the voltages that
are present at the non-inverting and inverting terminals of the
amplifier.
vicm = v(+) + v(-)
2

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

Example
Given: A 741 op amp with CMRR = 90 dB and a noise gain,
AN = 1 k
Find: The common mode gain, Acm
Acm =

AN

log-1 (CMRR / 20)

1000
log-1 (90 / 20)

= 0.0316
It is very desirable for the common-mode gain to be small.

Power Supply Rejection Ratio

One of the reasons op amps are so useful, is that they can
be operated from a wide variety of power supply voltages.
The 741 op amp can be operated from bipolar supplies
ranging from 5V to 18V with out too many changes to
the parameters of the op amp.
The power supply rejection ratio (SVRR) refers to the slight
change in output voltage that occurs when the power
supply of the op amp changes during operation.
SVRR = 20 log (Vs / Vo)
The SVRR value is given for a specified op amp. For the
741 op amp, SVRR = 96 dB over the range 5V to 18V.

Open-Loop Op Amp Characteristics

Table 12.11
Device

LM741C

LF351

OP-07

LH0003

AD549K

Technology

BJT

BiFET

BJT

Hybrid
BJT

BiFET

AOL(typ)

200 k

100 k

400 k

40 k

100 k

Rin

2 M

1012

8 M

100 k

1013 || 1 pF

Ro

50

30

60

50

~100

SR

0.5 V/s

13 V/s

0.3 V/s

70 V/s

3 V/s

CMRR

90 dB

100 dB

110 dB

90 dB

90 dB

1.5 OPERATION

Differential Amplifier Circuit

Types of Op-amp Operation

If an input signal is applied to either input with the other input is

connected to ground, the operation is referred to as singleended.

If two opposite-polarity input signals are applied, the operation is

referred to as double-ended.
If the same input is applied to both inputs, the operation is called

common-mode.

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1.5 OPERATION

Differential Amplifier Circuit

Basic amplifier
circuit

16

1.5 OPERATION

Differential Amplifier Circuit

DC bias of differential amplifier circuit

DC ANALYSIS
V BE I E R E (V EE ) 0
IE

VEE VBE
RE

I C1 I C 2

IE

since V B 0

VC1 VC 2 VCC I C RC VCC

IE
RC
2

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1.5 OPERATION
Example : Differential Amplifier
Calculate
the dc voltages and currents
Circuits

18

1.5 OPERATION
Exampl
e

Differential Amplifier Circuit

Solution
IE

VEE VBE
RE

IE

9V 0.7V
2.5mA
3.3k

I C1 I C 2

I E 2.5m

1.25mA
2
2

VC VCC I C RC
VC 9V (1.25m)(3.9k ) 4.1V
19

1.5 OPERATION
AC ANALYSIS

Differential Amplifier Circuit

Single-Ended

Connection to calculate :

Av1 = Vo1 / Vi1

20

1.5 OPERATION
Differential Amplifier Circuit
Single-Ended

AC ANALYSIS
C
B

AC equivalent of differential amplifier circuit

21

1.5 OPERATION
AC Analysis - Single ended

Scan figure 10.11 & 10.15

Differential Amplifier Circuit

KVL

Vi1 I b ri I b ri
Ib

Vi1
2ri

Note : ri r
Hence re

I c I b
Partial circuit for calculating Ib

1 2

ri1 ri2 ri

I b1 I b2 I b

ri

Vi1

Vo I c Rc
Av

VT
I CQ

2ri

Vi1 Rc

Vo Rc

Vi1 2re

2ri

Rc

Vi1
2 re
22

1.5 OPERATION
Example

1 2 75

Differential Amplifier Circuit

Solution
V 0.7V 9V 0.7V
I E EE

193A
RE
43k
IC

IE
96.5A
2

Vc Vcc I c Rc

Vc 9 (96.5 )( 47 k ) 4.5V
9V (96.5A)( 47k) 4.5V

Calculate the single-ended output

voltage Vo1 V 26 mV
T

ri1 ri2 20k

re

VT
26

269
I CQ 0.0965

Av

Rc
47k

87.4
2re 2( 269)

Vo1 AvVi (87.4)( 2m) 0.175V

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1.5 OPERATION
Differential Amplifier Circuit
AC Analysis - Double ended
A similar analysis can be used to show that for the condition of
V
R
signals
to both inputs, the differential voltage gain
A applied

V
2r
magnitude is
d

where Vd Vi1 Vi 2

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1.5 OPERATION

Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC Analysis - Common-mode

Common-mode connection
25

1.5 OPERATION

Differential Amplifier Circuit

AC Analysis - Common-mode

Vi 2( 1) I b RE
Ib
ri
Rearrangin g,
Vi
Ib
ri 2( 1) RE

Vi1 Rc
Vo I c Rc I b Rc
ri 2( 1) RE
Vo
Rc
Av

Vi ri 2( 1) RE

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