High Efficiency Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter

For Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHEV)

Presented by:
Anant Kumar Verma

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Problem Statement
Battery Models For Charging
Bi-Directional Converters(BDC)
Classification Of BDC
Essential Requirements Of BDC
Principles For DC-DC Converters
General Feedback Structure
Control Strategies
Power Stage Definition
State Model Analysis
Hardware Examples Of BDC
Applications
Future Expectations
References

Problem Statement
Petroleum resources across the world is depleting at a high rate due to the large dependency of the
transportation sector on petroleum as the primary fuel.

Greenhouse
Gas
Emission

Quality of
Air

Harm to life
and
Environment

Figure no.1

Design of the vehicles with lesser or no dependency on the petroleum resources.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Technology
DC-DC CONVERTERS act as HEART for HEV or PHEV Technology
Fast Battery Charging Requirements

The First HEV car was introduced during 1900 by Lohner Coach Factory, which was driven by a hub motor
powered by the generator run through a gasoline engine with a small battery for reliability.

Battery Models For Charging

(b) Thevenin -Battery Model

(a) Simple Battery model

(c)Dynamic Battery Model

(d) Improved Battery Model

Figure no.2 Battery Models

BI-DIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTER

Bidirectional DC-DC converters (BDC) serves the purpose of
stepping up or stepping down the voltage level between its
input and output along with the capability of power flow in
both the directions.

Figure no.3. Example of Non-Isolated BDC.[1]

Classification Of BDC
Non-Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC converters(NBDC)
Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC converters(IBDC)

Figure no.4. Non-Isolated BDC.[1]

Figure no.5. Isolated BDC.[1]

Essential requirements of BDC

High efficiency
Light weight & compact size
Lower electromagnetic Interference
Lower input and output current ripple
Controlled power flow in spite of wide input voltage variation

Principles For DC-DC Converters

Inductor Volt-Sec Balance.
Capacitor Charge Balance.
Small Ripple approximation.

Note:
Principles are useful for the determining averaged Circuit
models and their steady state duty (D) ratio.

General Feedback Structure

Figure no.6. FEEDBACK for DC-DC converter

Control Strategies
Voltage Control Mode
Average current mode control
Peak current mode control
Hysteresis current control (HCC)
Borderline feed forward control
Sliding mode control

Power Stage Definition

To facilitate the model derivation, the power

stage is defined as shown in Figure . The
different components of the power stage are:
Input voltage source voltage, Vp
Input internal source resistance, Rp
Input source current, ip
Input and output capacitors, Ci, Co
Input and output capacitors ESR, RCi, Rco
Voltage and current in the input and output
capacitor, VCi, VCo, iCi, iCo
Power inductor and DCR of the inductor, L, RL
Voltage across and current in the inductor, VL,
iL
Output voltage and output load current, Vout, Io
Power switches Q1 and Q2

Figure no. 7 NBDC Power stage [2]

State Model Analysis

Figure no.8. Switch Q1 is On and Q2 is OFF.

Figure no.9. Switch Q2 is ON and Q1 is OFF

Power Flow Control

Figure no.10. Power Flow Control

Hardware Examples of BDC

Figure no.12. 1.6 KW BDC

Figure no.11. 1.5KW BDC

Figure no.13. 55KW BDC

Applications
Hybrid Electric Vehicle /Plug-in HEV
Energy storage systems(for charge and discharge control of Liion batteries, Lead acid batteries etc)
Devices requiring Energy regeneration (Cranes , Robots,
Elevators etc.)
General Digital Power (Industrial Power and battery Back-Up
Systems)

Future Expectations
Try to resolve the issues related to fast battery charging
systems.
Optimization of design of BDC for PHEV with the
involvement of renewable energy resources.
Try to increase the Power Density of the Converter with a
improved Magnetics design.
Try to reduce the Converter stage losses for overall
improvement in Converter efficiency.

References
[1] Bai H. & Mi, C. (2008). Eliminate Reactive Power and Increase System Efficiency of Isolated Bidirectional Dual-Active-Bridge DC
DC Converters Using Novel Dual-Phase-Shift Control. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 23, No. 6, (Nov. 2008), pp.
2905- 2914, ISSN 0885-8993
[2] De Doncker, R.W.A.A., Divan, D. M. & Kheraluwala, M. H. (1991). A three-phase softswitched high-power-density DC/DC
converter for high-power applications. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 27, No. 1, (Jan./Feb. 1991), pp. 63-73,
ISSN 0093-9994
[3] Inoue, S. & Akagi, H. (2007). A Bidirectional DC-DC converter for an Energy storage system With Galvanic Isolation. IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 22, No. 6, (2007), pp. 2299-2306, ISSN 0885-8993
[4] Jain, A. K. & Ayyanar, R. (2010). PWM Control of Dual Active Bridge: Comprehensive Analysis and Experimental Verification. IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. PP, No. 99, (2008), pp. 1, ISSN 0885-8993
[5] Kheraluwala, M. N., Gascoigne, R. W., Divan, D. M. & Baumann, E. D. (1992). Performance characterization of a high-power dual
active bridge DC-to-DC converter," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 28, No. 6, (Nov./Dec. 1992), pp. 1294- 1301,
ISSN 0093-9994
[6] Krismer, F., Biela J. & Kolar, J.W. (2005). A comparative evaluation of isolated bi-directional DC/DC converters with wide input and
output voltage range, Proceedings of the Fourtieth IAS Annual Meeting, pp. 599-606, Vol. 1, ISSN 0197-2618, Kowloon, Hong
Kong, Oct. 2-6, 2005
[7] Krismer, F., Round, S. & Kolar, J. W. (2006). Performance optimization of a high current dual active bridge with a wide operating
voltage range. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2006. pp. 1-7, ISBN 0-7803-9716-9, Jeju, South Korea, June 18-26, 2006
[8] Li, H. & Peng, F.Z. (2004). Modeling of a new ZVS bi-directional dc-dc converter. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic
Systems, Vol. 40, No. 1, (Jan. 2004), pp. 272- 283, ISSN 0018-9251
[9] Li, H., Liu, D., Peng, F.Z. & Su, G.J. (2005). Small Signal Analysis of a Dual Half Bridge Isolated ZVS Bi-directional DC-DC
Converter for Electrical Vehicle Applications," Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2006. pp. 2777-2782, ISBN 0-78039033-4, Recife, Brazil, June 16, 2006
[10] Li, X. & Bhat, A. K.S. (2010). Analysis and Design of High-Frequency Isolated Dual-Bridge Series Resonant DC/DC Converter.
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 25, No. 4, (April 2010), pp. 850-862, ISSN 0885-8993

Thank you