Introducti

on
to

What is Biology?

Bio means life

Ologos to study / the
study
BIOLOGY is the study of life

/ the study of living things

Biologist the person who
studies Biology

HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Famous Greek Philosopher
Pioneered Zoology
First to classify living things
Divided the plants into herbs,

shrubs and trees and animals

into land dwellers, water
dwellers and air dwellers

Claudius Galen (A.D. 131-200)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Greek

physician who describe

the anatomy of the human
body based on dissections of
apes and pigs.
showed that arteries carry
blood
His description contained
many errors, however, and
were unchallenged for 1,300
years.

Andreas Versalius (1514-1564)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Father

of Modern Anatomy
Made the first studies on
human anatomy by dissecting
corpses De Humani Corporis
Fabrica.
He pioneered the comparative
approach, which is using other
animals to know the function
and organization of a particular

William Harvey (1578-1657)

CONTRIBUTIONS
English

physician who showed

conclusively that the heart
pumps the blood and the blood
circulates.
He stimulated the development
of anatomy by proving the
principle that structure and
function must be studied
together.

William Harvey Explains Blood

Circulation

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Italian

physician and anatomist

who was the founder of
microscopic anatomy.
In 1661, he discovered the
capillaries, shedding light to the
missing element in Harveys
theory of blood circulation.
observed the microscopic
components of the liver, brain,
kidneys, spleen, bone, and the
inner, or what came to be known

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1694)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Cloth

merchant, was the first

to use the microscope with
great observational and
descriptive skills.
His most important
discoveries were
microorganisms (including
bacteria), sperm cells and

GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884)

CONTRIBUTION
Father of Genetics
Developed the principles

of

heredity by studying the

variation and heredity of
seven pairs of inherited
characteristics in pea plants

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

CONTRIBUTIONS
The

most prominent figure in

the history of biology.
His book Origin of Species
(1859) presents the theory of
evolution by natural
selection.
His work provided a unifying,
organizing framework for the

CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)

CONTRIBUTION
Father of Taxonomy
Developed binomial

nomenclature to classify and

organize plants and animals

FILIPINO BIOLOGISTS

Leon Ma. Guerrero 1853-1935

CONTRIBUTIONS
Father

of Philippine
Pharmacophytology.
He identified hundreds of
trees and herbs and sought
to extract from them certain
substances with therapeutic
properties.
First to identify and describe

Angel S. Arguelles (1888-1952)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Taught

Filipino planters and

farmers how to use fertilizers
and pesticides.
His name is listed among the
American Men of Science
(He is not an American)

Nemesio L. Mendiola (1890-1983)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Introduced better varieties of
fruits, vegetables and
flowering plants.
Breed a new variety of
pineapple that has the
sweetness of the Hawaiian
pineapple and the high yield
of the native pineapple.
He was referred to as the

Felix D. Maramba Sr. (1898-1983)

CONTRIBUTIONS

Popular in the fields of agriculture and

business.
He contributed a machine that could
turn rice hull into fuels for farm
engines, a charcoal and a coconut-oil
fed power generator and the biogas
technology.
Other researches of Maramba are
production of alcohol from cassava,
soap from lye, and pelletized sludge
organic fertilizer.

Juan Salcedo (1904-1988)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Launched

the biggest project in the

history of Philippine medicine the
inclusion of enriched rice in the Filipino
diet.

*Enriched rice is fortified with

vitamin B1 to cure beri-beri.
He took other projects like the extensive
drive to combat mosquitoes which carry
malaria germs, and the use of the
vaccine BCG to combat tuberculosis.
He was among the first batch of national
scientists named by the National

Fe Del Mundo (1907 2011)

CONTRIBUTIONS
Invented

the incubator and

the jaundice-relieving device
for babies.
She conducted an
experiment on immunization
that help designate the best
age at which children should
be immunized.
She wrote many books and
research papers on

Divisions of Biology
2 Major Divisions
of Biology
Botany the
study of
PLANTS
Zoology the
study of
ANIMALS

BOTANY
Dendrology

Study of trees and their

history

Mycology

Study of fungi and some

association with plants

Paleonbotany
Phytopathology

Study of fossil plants

Agriculture

Study the principles of

botany in growing food
plants

Pomology

Study of cultivating fruits

Study of diseases of
plants

ZOOLOGY
Arachnology
Conchology
Embryology
Entomology

Study of single class of

invertebrate (scorpions,
spiders, etc.)
Study of mollusks
Study of the development of
animal forms
Study of insects

Herpetology

Study of reptiles

Mammalogy

Study of mammals

Ornithology

Study of birds

Ichthyology

Study of fishes

Some Branches of Biology

Anatomy
the study of
structures of
entire
organisms
and their
parts

Some Branches of Biology

Physiolo
gy the
study of
how the
body and
its parts
work

Some Branches of Biology

Ecology
study of how
organisms
interact with
their
environment &
with other
organisms

Parasitology the study of

the organisms that live in or
on other organisms that
caused diseases

Taxonomy the study of

the classification &
evolutionary
interrelationships among
organisms

Embryology study of the

development & growth of
organisms

Cytology the study of the

structures & functions of
cells

Microbiology the study of

microorganisms such as
bacteria, protozoans, and
viruses

Paleontology the study

of fossils, the preserved
remains and traces of
organisms from the past

Genetics the study of how

traits are inherited & passed
on one generation to the
next

Morphology the study of

gross structures & forms of
organisms

Histology study of tissues