Direct & Indirect Speech

THE CHANGE OF TO BE
AND AUXILIARY VERB
DIRECT

Am, is, are

Shall/will
Can
May
Must
Have/has to
Ought to

INDIRECT

Was/were
Should/would
Could
Might

Had to

CHANGES OF ADVERB OF
TIME & PLACE
DIRECT

NOW
TOMORROW
NEXT WEEK
TONIGHT
TODAY
YESTERDAY
LAST NIGHT
LAST WEEK
HERE
THIS
THESE

INDIRECT

THEN
THE FOLLOWING DAY
THE FOLLOWING WEEK
THAT NIGHT
THAT DAY
THE DAY BEFORE
THE NIGHT BEFORE
THE WEEK BEFORE
THERE
THAT
THOSE

CHANGES OF TENSES
DIRECT

INDIRECT

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT

PAST PERFECT

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PERFECT CONT

PAST PERFECT CONT.

SIMPLE FUTURE

PAST FUTURE

Direct Speech
Simple Present
-Marta said, It is hot.
-I am a lucky person, he said.

Simple Past

Reported Speech
Simple Past
-Marta said that it was hot.
He said that he was a lucky person.

Past Perfect

They said, we were at work.

They said that they had been at work

-Tom said, I went to the mall.

Tom said that he had gone to the mall.

Present Perfect
-She has been at home today.
-John said, I have learn to write.

Past perfect
She said she had been at home today
John said that he had learn to write.

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

this
here
now
today
yesterday

that
there
then
that day
the day before / the previous
day
the next day

tomorrow
last week
next month
ago

the week before / the

previous week
the following month
before

LOGO

QUESTION

Yes / No Question

HE ASKED ME

IF/WHETHER S

+ V + COMPLEMEN

Yes/No Question Example

DIRECT
Ricky asked Henry:
Does your father
work near here?
Mr. Bean asked
Cyntia: have you
collected your
homework?
Dessy asked William:
can you accompany

INDIRECT
Ricky asked Henry
if/whether his
father worked
near there.
Mr. Bean asked
Cyntia if/whether
she had collected
her homework.
Dessy asked
William if/whether
he could

b. Wh- Question Example

DIRECT
The girl asked me:
Where Do you come
from?
My father asked my
brother: Why did you
arrive at home late last
night?
Handy asked the girl:
what is your favorite
movie star?

INDIRECT
The girl asked me
where I came from.
My father asked my
brother why he had
arrived at home late
the night before
Handy asked the girl
what her favorite
movie star was

4. Questions and answers

Direct Speech
1 John asked her, Are you coming? (yes/no
question)
2 John asked, Where is Mary? (wh-question)
Indirect Speech
1 John asked if / whether she was coming.
2 John asked where Mary was.
yes/no questions - use if/whether
wh-questions

- use the wh-word

8. Wh- Questions
Direct Speech
My friend asked,"Where is Venus?"
Indirect Speech
My friend asked where Venus was.

Other examples of WH-questions:

Direct Speech
My friend asked "How are you?"
Indirect Speech
My friend asked how I was.
TRANSFORMATION PROCESS:
1) Put the subject before the verb.
2) Change the pronoun: you to I
3) Join the clauses using the how,
who, whom, where, when, why
4) Adjust the 2nd verb to
the time frame of the 1st verb.

examples of WH-questions
My

friend said, "Where are you going?"

My friend asked where I was going.
My

friend said, " Whom did you call?"

My friend asked whom I had called.

examples of WH-questions
My

friend said, " Whom I was calling?"

My friend asked whom I had been
calling.
My

friend said, " Where have you

been?"
My friend asked where I had been.

examples of WH-questions
He

asked me, "What did she say?"

He asked me what she had said.
He

asked me, "When are you

leaving?"
He asked me when I was leaving.

examples of WH-questions

He asked me, "Who is coming for dinner?"

He asked me who was coming for dinner.

He asked me, "How many times have you

seen that movie?"

He asked me how many times I had seen that

movie.

examples of WH-questions

He asked me, "What time is it?"

He asked me what time it was.

He asked me, "How old are you?"

He asked me how old I was.