ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

a) Oxygen debt is the total amount of

oxygen needed to remove the

lactic acid from the muscles.

Repeated and
frequent muscle
contraction

The blood is
unable to supply
enough oxygen

Muscles carry out

anaerobic
respiration to break
down glucose into
lactic acid

Muscles suffer
from oxygen
deficiency (oxygen
debt)

Glucose break down

is incomplete hence
150kJ if energy and
lactic acid are

The high
concentration of
lactic acid in the
blood causes muscle

7.2
THE RESPIRATORY
STRUCTURES &
BREATHING
MECHANISMS IN
HUMANS & ANIMALS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
State the respiratory structures in humans
& some animals;
Make an inference on the various
adaptations of the respiratory structures;
Describe the characteristics of respiratory
surfaces in humans & other organisms;
Describe the breathing mechanisms in
humans & other organisms.
Compare & contrast the human respiratory
system with that of other organisms.
4

BREATHING - Involvement of
inhalation of O2 & exhalation of CO2
Each organisms have their special
structure with the adaptation for
gaseous exchange: Large surface area to volume ratio
increase the rate of exchange
Very thin walls one cell thick
A rich supply of blood covered with
blood capillaries
A moist surface easier for the
gases to diffuse
5

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE IN
ANIMALS

Tracheal system of the grasshopper

spiracles
Frog nostril , glottis & lung
Gill system of the fish gill filament,
gills and blood vessel

RESPIRATION IN UNICELLUAR
ORGANISMS
Unicellular organisms
Amoeba & Paramecium
Have a large surface area
to volume ratio, the
external area is fully
permeable to the gases
No need specific respiratory
structure
Gases diffuse in & out of
the organisms over the
whole cell membrane.
Depends on the
concentration of respiratory
gases in & out of the cell 7

RESPIRATION IN
MULTICELLUAR
ORGANISMS

INSECTS

Tracheal system tracheae reinforced with

rings to prevent them from collapsing
Tracheoles- direct contact with insects tissue
& organs
The trachea consists numerous tiny
tracheoles (singular : tracheole) thin,
permeable walls & contain fluid respiratory
gases can dissolve
Air enters the tracheae through spiracles
Tracheal system provides a large surface
area for gaseous exchange
O2 dissolves in the fluid found in the
tracheoles & passes directly to the body cells
9
through diffusion

10

BREATHING MECHANISM OF INSECTS

INHALATION
a) The abdominal muscles relax, and
spiracles open the abdominal
volumes increases the pressure in the
trachea is low air enters the trachea
and tracheoles

EXHALATION
1. The abdominal muscles contract the
abdominal volumes decreases the
pressure in the trachea is high air
leaves through the spiracles

11

INSECTS
Gaseous exchange in an insects:
a) Air reaches the ends of the tracheoles
that contain in a fluid.
b) Oxygen diffuses directly into the cells
while carbon dioxide diffuses from the
cells into the tracheoles.
c) In a large sized insect: air sacs
accelerate gaseous exchange.
d) The circulatory system of an insect is not
involved in the transport of respiratory
gases because the cells are directly
connected to the respiratory surface

12

FISH

A bony fish has four pairs of gills, support by a

bony arch
The gills consist of two rows of gill filament
numerous gill lamela
Each gill lamela is folded into gill plate, have thin
walls & well supplied with blood capillaries to
increase the surface area of the gills
Characteristics : bony/gill arches to support the filaments
Filaments numerous (increase the surface
area for gaseous exchange)
Thin membrane (to ease the gases absorption)
Many blood capillaries (efficients
transportation)
13

14

Breathing Mechanism of Fish

Inhale - Open its mouth lower the floor

of the mouth- volume of the mouth is
increased the pressure inside the mouth
falls below that of the external pressurewater with high conc. of O2 enteroperculum close.

Exhale-Floor of the mouth is raise up Gaseous exchange occurs as water flows

past the gills the pressure in the mouth is
increased. water then passes out though
the operculum operculum then opens
15

BREATHING MECHANISM

16

AMPHIBIANS

Lungs & skin

Skin - moist surfaces & have a good
supplies of the blood capillaries
The adult frog lungs & skin many
blood capillaries facilitate rapid and
efficient exchange of gases
Many folds inside the lung sacs
increase the respiratory surface
In water, O2 enters through its skin
17

AMPHIBIAN

Inhalation nostrils open, the mouth closes, the

glottis closes & the floor of the mouth cavity is
loweredAir pressure inside the mouth reduced. Air is
drawn through the nostrils into the mouth cavity
The nostrils close & the floor of the mouth
cavity is raised to force the air through the
glottis into the lungs.
The lungs expand & gaseous exchange takes
place.
Exhalationthe lungs contract air is expelled
from the lungs escape through the nostrils or
mixes with the air in the buccal pharyngeal
cavity
18

19

HUMANS

Consist of a series of tube-like structures connecting a

pair of lungs

Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

(singular : bronchus), bronchioles & alveoli (singular :
alveolus)

Lungs large sac-like organs, made up of mainly the

bronchioles, alveoli & a network of blood capillaries
Left lung 2 lobes, right lungs 3 lobes
A double membrane called the pleura surrounds each
lungs.

Outer pleural membrane attached to the chest wall,

inner pleural membrane attached to the lungs.

Each lungs is packed with 1.5 2.5 million of alveoli.

20

21

Adaptation of the
alveoli for gaseous
exchange :
A large surface
area
Very thin walls
A moist surface
A rich supply of
blood

22

23

24

BREATHING MECHANISM OF
HUMANS

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscles that

separates the thorax from the abdomen

2 sets of intercostal muscles are located between the ribs

external & internal intercostal muscles

INSPIRATION/INHALATION
The external intercostal contract while the internal relax.
the ribs & sternum move upwards & outwards

The diaphragm muscles contract & flatterns

The movement of the ribs & the diaphragm increase the

volume of the thoracic cavity

Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity until it is less

than the atmospheric pressure air drawn into the lungs
25

BREATHING MECHANISM OF
HUMANS

26

EXPIRATION/EXHALATION

The internal intercostal muscles contract while

the external relax ribs & sternum move
downwards & inwards back to its resting
position

The diaphragm muscles relax & arches

upwards.

The movement of the rib cage & the

diaphragm decrease the volume of the
thoracic cavity increases the pressure
inside until it is greater than the atmospheric
pressure.

Air is forced out of the lungs.

27

28

29

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HUMAN

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WITH THAT OF OTHER
ORGANISMS
ORGANISM RESPIRATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF
STRUCTURE
ADAPTATION
Protozoa

None

Fish

Gills

Large

TSA minute

size
PM is thin & moist,
>rate of diffusion
Numerous

lamella > the TSA for

diffusion.
Gill filament thin,
moist membranes
with a network of
blood capillaries.

BREATHING
MECHANISM
None

Action of the
floor of the
mouth & the
operculum

30

ORGANISM

Insects

Amphibia
ns

RESPIRATORY
STRUCTURE

CHARACTERISTICS
OF ADAPTATION

BREATHING
MECHANISM

Tracheal Many fine

system branches of

Action of
abnomin
tracheoles to
al
increase the TSA
muscles
A layer of
(rhythmic
moisture on the
moveme
walls of the
nt)
tracheoles.

Skin,
mouth,
lungs

Thin

& moist
respiratory
surfaces
Network

of
blood capillaries

Action of
muscles
in the
mouth
cavity.31

ORGANISM RESPIRATOR
Y
STRUCTURE

Human

Lungs

CHARACTERISTICS
OF ADAPTATION
Numerous

alveoli
Thin & moist
alveoli
epithelium
Network of
blood capillaries

BREATHING
MECHANISM

Action of
intercostal
muscles &
diaphrag
m muscles

at the alveoli of lungs

32

TAMAT
Semoga segala ilmu yg dikongsi
memberi manfaat & penuh
barakah

33