Chapter 9

Digital System

INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
GATES

Digital Signals

Digital Signals have two basic states:

1 (logic high, or H, or on)
0 (logic low, or L, or off)

Digital values are in a binary format. Binary

means 2 states.

A good example of binary is a light (only on or

off)
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Binary Variables and

Functions
Binary variables

Example binary variables:

Can be 0 or 1 (True or False, low or high)

Variables named with single letters in examples
Really use words when designing circuits
A=0
B=1

Basic Functions on binary variables:

AND
OR
NOT
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Gates

Circuit diagrams are traditional to document

circuits
Remember that 0 and 1 are represented by
voltages

Basic Logic Gates

There are three basic logic gates each of

which performs a basic logic function, they are
called NOT, AND and OR.
All other logic functions can ultimately be
derived from combinations of these three

AND

Symbol is dot

Or no symbol

Y =A B
Y = AB

Truth table ->

Y is 1 only if

Both A and B are 1

Every possible
input combination

OR

Symbol is +

Not addition
Y =A+ B

Truth table ->

Y is 1 if either A or B is 1
Or both!

NOT(INVERTER)
Symbol is bar

Or 'tick mark'

Y=A

Y = A

Truth table ->

The output is opposite
the input

Others Logic Gates

The three basic logic gates can be combined

to provide more complex logical functions
Four important logical functions are NAND,
NOR, XOR and XNOR

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NAND

Symbol is dot and bar

Or no symbol

Y = (A.B)
Y = (AB)

Truth table ->

Y is 0 only if

Both A and B are 1

Every possible
input combination

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NOR

Symbol is plus and bar

Or no symbol

Y = (A+B)
Y = (A+B)

Truth table ->

Y is 1 only if

Both A and B are 0

Every possible
input combination

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XOR

Symbol is bubble plus

Y=

Truth table ->

Y is 1 only if

A or B are 1

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XNOR

Symbol is bubble plus

and bar

Y=

Truth table ->

Y is 0 only if

A or B are 1

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Combination Logic

The NAND and NOR gates are called universal

functions since with either one the AND and OR
functions and NOT can be generated.
NAND gate from NOT-AND gate

NOR gate from NOT-OR gate

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More Inputs

Work same way

Whats output?
Whats output?
1 if all inputs
are 1

Whats output?
1 if at least one input is 1
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3 inputs AND gates

the truth table for the three

input gate is similar to the
truth table for the two input
gate.
all three inputs need to be
high (1) to get a high output

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4 inputs AND gate

Works on the same

principle, all four inputs
need to be high (1) to
get a high output.
The same principles
apply to 5, 6,..., n input
gates.

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Making Multi Input Gates

Multi input gates can be made by joining gates of

the same type with less inputs.
The diagrams shows how a three input AND gate
and a four input AND gate can be made out of two
input AND gates.

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Representation: Schematic

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Another example

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