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Categorized into 2:
1.Base Quantities
2.Derived
Quantities
Physical Unit
- are standards for measurement of physical
quantities that need clear definitions to be
useful.
SI Unit
mole
mol
Luminous intensity
candela
cd
W = Fs
kg m2 s-2
J (joule)
Charge
Q = It
As
Prefixes
Prefix ( &
abbreviatio
n)
1012
tera- (T)
109
giga- (G)
106
mega- (M)
103
kilo- (k)
102
hecto- (h)
10-1
deci- (d)
10-2
centi- (c)
10-3
milli- (m)
10-6
micro- ()
10-9
nano- (n)
10-12
pico- (p)
10-15
femto- (f)
For example:
Wavelength of an Xray
= 0.000 000 001
m
= 1 109 m
Unit Conversions
Example
----------------------------------------------------------------------The highest waterfall in the world is Angle
Falls in Venezuela, with a total drop of 979.0
m. Express this drop in feet (ft). Then compare
this with your own height!
Solution
Knowing that 1ft = 0.3048 m, thus
979.0 m
1 ft 3211.94 ft
Length =
0.3048 m
Example
----------------------------------------------------------------------Express the speed limit of 65 miles/hour in
terms of meters/second.
Solution
Knowing that
1 mi = 1.609 km = 1609 m
1 hour = 3600 s
1609 m
)
Speed =65 (
3600 s
29.05 m / s
15 km h
1000 m
15
4.17 m s 1
60(60) s
5 mm 3 5 [10 3 m] 3 5 x10 9 m 3
7 g cm 3 7
10 3 kg
(10 2 m) 3
7000 kg m 3
Follow Up Exercise
---------------------------------------------------------------------1. The largest diamond ever found had a size
of 3106 carats. One carat is equivalent to a
mass of 0.200 g. Use the fact that 1 kg has a
weight of 2.205 lb under certain conditions
and determine the weight of this diamond in
pounds.
2. A hall bulletin board has an area of 2.5 m 2.
What is this area in square centimeters
( cm2 ) ?
3. A football field is 300 ft long and 160 ft
wide. What are the fields dimensions in
meters ?
4. The density of metal mercury is 13.6 g/cm3.
What is this density as expressed in kg/m3
Dimension
- used to describe a physical quantity in
terms of its base quantity regardless of the
system of units used.
- example:
100 cm, 1m, 2 mi and 3 light years all have
the dimension of length but are expressed
in different units.
- The symbol of dimension is written as
[ physical quantity ]
- Pure numerical factors/number like ,
have no dimensions can be ignored.
Base
Quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Electric
current
Temperature
Dimension
[l]
[m]
[t]
[I]
Symbol of
Dimensio
n
L
M
T
A
[T]
Amount of
substance
[n]
Example
---------------------------------------------------------------------Find the dimensions and units of each of the
following quantities:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Area
Velocity
Force
Pressure
Frequency
Solution
(a) Area = length width
[ Area ] = [ length ]
[ width ]
=LL
= L2
SI units : m2
s
(b) velocity, v =
t
[s] L
[v]=
[t]
T
= LT-1
SI units : m s-1
F
(d) Pressure, P =
A
[F]
MLT -2
[P]=
[A]
L2
= ML-1T-2
SI units : kg m-1 s-2
m
(c) Force, F =
a
v
t
[ F ] =[m][a ] [m][ ]
LT 1
M(
)
T
= MLT-2
SI units : kg m s-2
1
(e) Frequency, f =
Period
[1]
[f]=
[Period]
= T-1
SI units : s-1 or Hz
b
(3)
(4) a kcan
b be
a & Subtraction
Addition
c
where k is
[ a ] [b] [c ] done only with quantities
[b
] samedimensionless
that [have
the
dimension
a]
constant /
ex:
[c ]
pure number
v = u + at
a ] -1 [1] [b]
[v] = [u] = [at] =[LT
(2) a b c
Use of Dimensions
1. To check the homogeneity of
physical equations
1 2
s ut at
2
relates the distance s
travelled by an object in time
t, u is initial velocity and a is
[s] L
[u t ] [u][t]
L
T
T
L
1 2
[ at ] [a][t 2 ]
2
LT 2 T 2
L
( * has no dimension )
Example
---------------------------------------------------------------------A professor puts 2 equations on the board.
(a)
v vo a t
(b)
v
x
2a
Solution
(a)
v vo a t
[v] LT 1
[vo ] LT 1
[a t ] LT 2 (T ) LT 1
[v] [vo ] [a t ]
Equation homogenous Yes
(b)
v
x
2a
[ x] L
1
v
LT
[ ]
T
2
2a
LT
v
[ x] [ ]
2a
Equation is Not dimensionally conssistent
F gA
where
2.
From experimental
observations, a physical
quantity may be found to
be dependent on a number
of other physical
quantities.
Using the dimensional method, a
physics equation that relates all this
quantities can be derived.
Example
Establish an expression for the period T of
a simple pendulum which shows how T is
related to the mass m, length, l of the
string & the acceleration due to gravity, g
Solution
T m xl y g z
Suppose that:
Write in mathematic form:
T k m xl y g z
[T ] [k ] [m] x [l ] y [ g ] z
T (M) x (L) y (LT -2 ) z
T M x L y Lz T -2z
T M x L y z T -2z
Equating indices of L:
Equating indices of M:
yz 0
x0
y -z
1
y
2
Equating indices of T:
1 2 z
1
z
2
Hence T k m 0 l 1 / 2 g 1 / 2
T k
l
g
Example
Obtain an expression which shows how
critical velocity v of liquid which flows
through a narrow tube depends on coefficient
of viscosity, of liquid, radius r of the tube
and density of liquid.
( unit of is kg m-1 s-1 )
Solution
v x r y z
Suppose that:
Write in mathematic form:
v k xr y z
The dimensions on both sides of an
equation must be the same.
[v] [k ] [ ] x [r ] y [ ] z
x 1
x 1
Equating indices of M:
0 xz
z x
z 1
Equating indices of L:
1 x y 3z
1 1 y 3(1)
y 1
Hence v k 1 r 1 1
vk
r
Follow Up Exercise
Factor influencing the speed v of
sound in a medium may be
density d, wavelength and
Youngs Modulus E. On the basis
of dimensional analysis, obtain an
expression for v.
( Take : [E] = ML-1T-2 )
Answer :
E
vk
d
Example
Newtons law of Universal Gravitation is
given as:
GMm
F
r2
where F is the force of gravity, M and m are
masses and r is a length. What are the
dimensions and SI unit of constant G in the
equation above ?
Solution
GMm
F
r2
F r2
G
Mm
[ F ] [r ] 2
[G ]
[ M ] [ m]
[G ]
(MLT -2 )L2
M2
L3 T -2
M
[G ] M 1 L3 T 2
From dimensions we can
deduce the SI unit for
constant G:
SI unit for G kg 1 m 3 s 2
Scalar Quantity
- Quantity which has only magnitude.
- Example: mass, distance, speed, work.
Vector Quantity
- Quantity which has both magnitude and
- direction.
Example: displacement, velocity, force,
momentum
Representing vectors
- Symbols
for vectors are printed bold or use
A
an arrow
over a letter,
A
- A vector
A
- Magnitude of the vector
is written as |A|
A
- 2 vectors
B&
Negative of a vector
B
- The vector
is a vector with the
same magnitude
as
but points in
B
opposite direction.
When a vector
A
is multiplied by a
scalar k, the product
is a vector
of
kA
kA
magnitude
.
kA
A
The direction of the vector
is
same as that of
if k is positive, and
opposite if k is negative.
Unit vectors
A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having
a magnitude of exactly 1 and points in a
particular direction.
Are use to specify a given direction in space.
&k
is used to
represent unit vectors
pointing in the positive x,
y & z directions.
i ,j
| i | =j |
1
|k = |
|=
A
- The addition
of
2
vector,
result in a third
vector
R
Band
will
called resultant
vector.
- Resultant vector is a single vector which
produces the same effect ( in both
magnitude and direction ) as the vector sum
of 2 or more vectors.
- 2 methods of vector addition:
(1) Drawing / Graphical method - tail to
head & Parallelogram
(2) Mathematic Calculation unit vector &
trigonometry
Recall
Addition of vectors in the same directions
Resultant vector,
: diagonal of a
R
parallelogram
formed
with
&
A
B
of its 4 sides.
as two
A B B A
( A B) C A ( B C )
m( A B ) mA mB
Vectors Subtraction
) can be
A of
(two
B ) vectors (
written as the addition
Ax
cos
A
Ay
sin
A
Ax A cos
Ay A sin
Magnitude of vector A :
| A |
Ax Ay
2
Direction of vector A :
Ay
tan
Ax
* is always
measured from x
axis.
consider a vector
A
The vector
A
A Ax i Ay j
Example
A force of 800 N is exerted on a bolt A as
shown in Fig. below. Determine the horizontal
and vertical components of the force.
Solution
Fx F cos
800 cos 35
Fx 655 N
Fy F sin
800 sin 35
Fy 459 N
We may writeF
in the unit vector form
F (655 N ) i (459 N ) j
In 3D space, vector
A
be written as :
can
A Ax i Ay j Az k
Magnitude of vector A :
| A | Ax Ay Az
2
Example :
A 2i 5 j 8k
Given vector
vectorA
can be resolved into 3 components
: A x, A y & A z
Ax A cos x
Ay A cos y
Az A cos z
Ry Ay By any other
| R | Rx 2 Ry 2
Direction of the resultant
vector :
Ry
tan
Rx
Example
The magnitudes of the 3 displacement vectors
shown in drawing. Determine the magnitude &
directional angle for the resultant that occurs
when these vectors are added together.
Solution
Component
x cos
Ax=+10
45 cos
B =5
Component
y sin
Ay =+10
45sin 30
B =+5
C30
x=0
C y= 8
R Rx 2 Ry 2
(2.74) 2 (1.57) 2
3.16 m
Direction of resultant vector
Ry 1.57
0.573
tan
Rx 2.74
29.81 above x
Resultant of the displacement write in unit vector
R (2.74 m) i (1.57 m) j
Follow Up Exercise
Four forces act on bolt A shown. Determine
the resultant of the forces on the bolt .
Answer :
R = (199.1N )i + (14.3N)j
or R = 199.6 N at 4.1 above positive x axis.
Example
Let : a 2i 5 j
b 5i 3 j
Find : (a)a b
(b)2a 3b
(c) | 2a |
Solution
(a) a b (2i 5 j ) (5i 3 j )
7i 2 j
(b) 2a 3b 2(2i 5 j ) 3(5i 3 j )
4i 10 j 15i 9 j
11i 19 j
have to calculate
2a
2a 2(2i 5 j ) 4i 10 j )
| 2a | 4 2 10 2
10.77
, 1st we
d 1 (15i 30 j 12k) cm
displacements:
Dot ProductA
(B
)
A B | A | | B | cos
Physical Meaning of A B
of A
A B is the magnitude
multiplied by theBcomponent of
A
to
parallel
or
B
A B is the magnitude
of
B cos
A cos
A B = zero when = 90
A B = maximum value when = 0
Commutative law applied to dot product :
A B B A
Example of physical quantity
W F : s
Dot product Calculation
A B ( Axi Ayj Azk ) ( Bxi Byj Bzk )
All 3 vectors are perpendicular to each
other i i j j k k (1)(1) cos 0 1
i j i k j k (1)(1) cos 90 0
A B AxBx AyBy AzBz
y
A B | A || B | cos
3(6) cos 090
B 6 j
18
0
A 3i
B 6i
Example
Given 2 vectors :
A (3i 2 j 4k )
B (5i 8 j 2k )
Calculate
B
(a) the valueAof
(b) the angle between 2 vectors
Solution
(a) A B (3i 2 j 4k ) ( 5i 8 j 2k )
(b)
from :
A B A B cos
cos
(5.39)(9.64)
| A || B |
80.03
A ( B
Cross Product
| A B || A | | B | sin
0 180
B sin
A sin
Alternatively:
-- if A & B
is parallel @ anti parallel
( =0
A B@
0180 )
-- if A & B is 90 | A B | max
Fm q v B
Moment or Torque,
rF
- the direction ofnew vector
) is
A B (
normal to the plane
A Bthat contain vector
given by Right Hand Rule
A B ( B A)
&
i
A B Ax
j
Ay
k
Az
Bx
By
Bz
Ay
By
Az Ax
i
Bz
Bx
Az Ax
j
Bz
Bx
Ay
k
By
j i k
k j i
k i j
i k j
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
Example
Given 2 vector :
A (3i 2 j 4k )
B (5i 8 j 0k )
Calculate :
A(a)
B
(b)| A B |
Solution
(a) A B ( 3i 2 j 4k ) ( 5i 8 j 0k )
A B 3
2 4
5 8
A B 32i 20 j 34k
| A B | 32 2 20 2 34 2
50.79
Follow Up Exercise
1. A force F (i 5 j )
is acting on
an
object. The displacement of the object
x (10is
i j)
given by
Find
(a) the work done by this force
(b) the angle between the force & the
displacement.
2. Given 2
vector as below
:
A 3i 3 j
B 5i 2 j
Find the cross product of the two
A B
vector State its magnitude &
draw the vector diagram to
shows A
the
B direction of the new
vector (
).