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Forms of energy
m mass (kg)
g gravitational constant, 9.81 ms-2
v velocity, ms-1
Energy balance
W
mass in
mass out
system
Hin
Hout
Q
IUPAC convention
- heat transferred to a system is +ve and
heat transferred from a system is ve
- work done on a system is+ve and work
done by a system is -ve
Uses
Enthalpy balance
p.e.,
k.e., W terms = 0
Q = H2 H1 or Q = H
, where H2 is the total enthalpy of output
streams and H1is the total enthalpy of
input streams, Q is the difference in
total enthalpy i.e. the enthalpy (heat)
transferred to or from the system
continued
Q
Enthalpy changes
Change
of T at constant P
Change of P at constant T
Change of phase
Solution
Mixing
Chemical reaction
crystallisation
(L to V)
Melting (S to L)
Sublimation (S to V)
2
where W is work done on system by a pump
and F is frictional energy loss in system (J/kg)
P = P2 P1; v2 = v22 v12; h = h2 h1
Sensible heat/enthalpy
calculations
continued
e.g. Cp = a + bT + cT2 + dT3
,where a, b, c, d are coefficients
H = integralCpdT between limits T2, T1
H = [aT + bT2 + cT3 + dT4]
2
3
4
Calculate values for T = T2, T1 and subtract
Note: T may be in deg cent or K - check units for Cp!
aA + bB
cC + dD
-a-b +c +d (stoichiometric coefficients, i)
HofA, HofB, HofC, HofD (heats of formation)
HoR = c HofC + d HofD - a HofA - bHofB
ve (exothermic reaction)
HoR
Hreactants
Hproducts
system
Qr
+ve
Qp
-ve
Note: enthalpy values must be calculated with reference to a
temperature of 25 deg cent
temperature: Qp = 0