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Dynamic analysis
of switching converters
Overview
Continuous-Time Linear Models
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
Overview
Discrete-time models
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
Dynamic analysis
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
Dynamic analysis
Nevertheless, it is possible to derive a continuous timeinvariant linear model to represent a switching converter
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
ZL
k Vref
Zo Z L
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
Vref
Vp
D $
1
d$
v ref v$ref
Vref
Vp
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
dt
L
D
( I P I1 ) L
VL
d ^ d ^ d ^
d
iL
vc
Ip
iL
vc
I p
^
Vd Vc
L
^
i L r ( d T )
^
L
d
iL
(Vd Vc ) T
^
d
L
(Vd Vc ) T
$
iL
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
r1 I DT
^
r ' I ( D d ) T
(Vd Vc ) L
r1
I DT
r ' I ( D d^ ) T [V (V v^ )] L
c
d
c
^
^
v
c
d D
^
V V v
c
c
d
^
^
D
d$ D
d vc
$
V
V
V
v
c
c
d
d
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
Ip
dT
r
^
Vd Vc
L
^
Ip L
d
T Vd Vc
^
d
^
Ip
1 L
T Vd Vc
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
10
v1
Vap $
d
D
i1 I c d$
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
11
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
12
Ia
,
Vac
Ia $
d,
D
I
I 2 2 p v$ac ,
Vac
I1 2
Ip $
I3 2 d ,
D
Ip
go
Vcp
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
13
Ts
kf
DTs Ri
D
1 ,
L
2
(1 D) 2 Ts Ri
kr
,
2L
and
1
Fm
.
( S n Sc )Ts
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
14
1
sC o
1
sL o + R o //
sC o
V s(s) .
V o(s)
C o Lo
=
.
s
1
V s(s) s 2 +
+
C o R o L oC o
o
H(s) = 2
,
2
+
2
s
+
s
o o
2
Power switchin
1
2R C o
Lo
o=
Dynamic analysis of s
1
L oC o
15
20 log G ( ) 10 log 1
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
16
( ) tan 1
2
o
2
1
o
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
17
H(s) =
f ESR
R o R esr
C o R esr
.
+
C
Ro
o R o R esr
L o( R o + R esr ) s 2 + L o
s+
L oC o( R o + R esr )
L oC o( R o + R esr )
1
2 R e sr Co
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
18
2 2
Magnitude response of
an output filter with a
capacitor having a Resr
for several values of
the output resistance Ro
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
19
f
2
f
fo
1
-1
=
tan
LC
tan
.
2
f esr
1 f
f o
Ro
o
LoCo ( Ro R e sr )
Lo
Co R e sr o
Ro
2
Co R e sr
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
20
Example 6.4
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
21
Example 6.4
(a)
The nominal duty cycle can be calculated as
V0
V
V
1
1 D d D 1 d
Vd 1 D
V0
V0
V0
R0
Vap V0
v0
Vap D - 1 sLI C
1 D 2 s 2
1 D
LC
LC
L
1
1 D 2 R 1 D 2
Power switchin
L
1
C 2R 1 D
Dynamic analysis of s
22
Example 6.4
vc VP
V
VP VC
VP ref 10V
D
1
D
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
23
Example 6.4
Bode plot of the small-signal transfer function of the boost converter
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
24
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
25
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
26
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
27
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
28
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
29
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
30
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
31
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
32
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
33
gain
TL A
TL>>1
Vo
1
Vref
Loop
For
gain
Vo
A
Vref 1 A
Stability
analysis
Power switchin
A 1
A 1 or
o
phase( ) phase( A) 180
Dynamic analysis of s
34
Relative stability
Definitions of gain and phase margins
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
35
Relative stability
Loop gain of a system with three poles
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
36
Closed-loop switching
converter
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
37
Feedback network
Va ' Vo
R2
R1 R2
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
38
1
1
+
R
sC 2
sC
1
H(s) =
.
1
1
+
R1 R 2 +
sC
sC 2
1
f p=
1
2 R 2C 2
f 1
f
z
-1
lead = tan
Power switchin
f z=
1 + sR 2C 1
.
sR 1( C 1 + C 2 + sR 2C 1C 2 )
H(s) =
1
2 R 2C 1
f 1
.
lag = tan
f
p
-1
f 1
f 1
-1
+
.
tan
f z
f p
= 270 o - tan -1
Dynamic analysis of s
39
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
40
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
41
f p1 =
f z1 =
(1+ j R 2C 1 )
(1+ j ( R 1 + R 3 )C 3 )
.
- 2 R 2C 1C 2 + j ( C 1 + C 2 ) R 1 + j R 1 R 3C 3
1
2 R 3C 3
1
2 R 2C 1
R2
K 1=
R1
f z2 =
p2
( C1 + C 2 )
2 R 2C 1C 2
1
2 ( R 1 + R 3 )C 3
R 2( R 1 + R 3 )
=
K2
R1R 3
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
42
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
43
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
44
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
45
1
2 ( R 1 + R 3 )C 3
f 1
f
zd
-1
zd = 2 tan
1
2 R 3C 3
R 2C 1 = ( R 1 + R 3 )C 3 .
( C1+ C 2 )
2 R 2C 1C 2
C 1C 2
R3
.
C3=
C1 + C 2
R2
f 1
.
pd = 2 tan
f
pd
-1
f 1
f 1
-1
= 270 - 2 tan
.
+ 2 tan
f
f
zd
pd
o
-1
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
46
47
fo
=
Ro
LoCo ( Ro R e sr )
5
(100 x106 )(100 x106 )(5 0.5)
1.517 kHz
2
1
= 3.18 kHz
2 (0.5)100x10 -6
f1,
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
48
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
49
LC = tan
f
2
f
fo
o
-1
- tan
70.1 .
2
f
f esr
1
f o
o
o
o
ea = 315 70.1 = 244.9 .
5
5
-1
= 64.9o .
tan - tan
f z
f p
-1
Power switchin
1
" = 64.9o .
f
-1
-1
tan f" - tan
C1=
C2=
Dynamic analysis of s
1
2 R 2 f
= 774 pF
z
1
2 R 2 f
= 38 pF .
p
50
tan
f zd
f pd
2 tan -1
1
2 tan -1 f" - tan -1 " = 135 o .
f
C3=
1
2 f
pd
R3
= 0.16 F .
Power switchin
( R 1 + R 3 )C 3
=
= 0.13 F .
C1
R2
R3
C 1C 3
R 2 = 5.29 nF .
C2=
[ C1 - C 3 R3 ]
R2
phase(delay ) 360* t delay * f1
Dynamic analysis of s
51
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
52
vo
vref
v$DC 0
$
io 0
v$o
v$ref
v$DC 0
$
io 0
audio susceptibility
GVDC
vo
vDC
v$ref 0
$
io 0
v$o
v$DC
v$ref 0
$
io 0
output impedance
$
Gio
Vo
I o
v$ref 0
v$DC 0
v$o
$
io
v ref 0
Zo
v$DC 0
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
53
Output impedance
Z oo
1 A
1
1
1
Z of Z o Z L
1
1
Zo
Z
of Z L
1
1
Zo
Z
of Z L
A ? 1 Z of = Z oo
Z of = Z L Z of Z o
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
54
State-space representation of
switching converters
Review of Linear System Analysis
A simple second-order low-pass circuit
u1 L x1 x2
dx 1
dt
x1 =
x1 = C x 2 +
x2 =
dx 2
dt
x1 = -
x2
R
x2 u1
+
L L
x -x
x2 = 1 + 2 .
C RC
Power switchin
x= A x+ B u
x 1
x = A, =
x2
1
C
1
-
L
1
RC
Dynamic analysis of s
1
, u = [ u 1 ] , B = L .
0
55
State-space representation of
switching converters
Review of Linear System Analysis
A simple second-order low-pass circuit
1
1
(s +
)
X 1(s) = L
RC
U 1(s) ( s 2 + s + 1 )
RC LC
1
1
s
+
1
RC
L
L U(s)
1
s
X 1(s)
C
=
.
s
1
2
X 2(s)
+
s +
RC LC
Power switchin
1
X 2(s) =
LC
.
U 1(s) ( s 2 + s + 1 )
RC LC
Dynamic analysis of s
56
State-Space Averaging
approximates
requires
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
57
State-Space Averaging
Procedures for state-space averaging
Dynamic analysis of s
58
State-Space Averaging
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
59
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
60
u1 L x1 x2
x
1
=
x
1
2
C
0 = L x1+ x2
x
1
=
x
1
2
C
x1 = C x 2 +
x2
R
1
-
1
L x 1
+ L [ u1 ]
1
- x 2 0
RC
x1 = C x 2 +
1
-
L x 1
1 x 2
RC
Power switchin
x2
R
0
+
0 [ u1 ]
Dynamic analysis of s
61
A=
1
C
1
0
1
-
L
L
(1- d)
d+
1
1
1
-
C
RC
RC
B = L d +
0
0
d
L .
(1- d) =
0
Power switchin
A=
1
C
1
-
L
.
1
-
RC
x
1
=
x
1
2
C
Dynamic analysis of s
1
-
d
L x 1
+ L [ u1 ] .
1 x 2
0
RC
62
x1 =
x2 =
x2 d
+ u1
L L
1
1
x1 x2 .
C
RC
u1d = L x1 + x2
x1 = C x 2 +
x2
.
R
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
63
d = D + d .
d x$1
1
1
x20 x$2
D d$ u10 u1
dt
L
L
d x$2 1
1
x10 x$1
x20 x$2
dt
C
RC
1
0 = (- x 20 + Du 10 )
L
1
1
x1 x20 D u10 x$2 D u$1 d$ u10
L
L
x2 =
1
1
x
x
( x 10 - 20 ) + ( x 1 - 2 ) .
C
R
C
R
Power switchin
1 1 $
dx
$ )
= ( x 2 Du$1 du
10
dt L
0=
1
x
( x 10 - 20 )
C
R
Dynamic analysis of s
x 20
=D .
u 10
x$2 = D u 1 + d u 10 - L dx 1 .
dt
x 10 =
x 20
.
R
64
x2 = Du 1 + d u 10 - L x1
x20 + x$2
$
x10 + x1 = C x 2 +
R
x1 = C x 2 +
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
x2
.
R
65
A source-reflected linearized
equivalent circuit of the ideal buck
converter
d
x2 L
u1 + u10 = + 2 x1 D
D
D D
x 2 x2 D 2
D x1 D C
D D R
2
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
66
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
67
x1 = 0
C x2 +
x2
=0 .
R
A3
0 - 1
RC
0
B3 = .
0
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
68
A=
d1+ d 2
C
( d 1 + d 2 )
L
1
RC
d 1
B = L .
0
0 ( d 1 + d 2 )
x 1 d 1
x
L
1
=
+ L u 1
1
x
d1+ d 2
- x 2 0
2
C
RC
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
69
x1 = -
( d1+ d 2 )
d1
x2 + u1
L
L
u1 d1 d1 d 2 x2
x2 =
( d1+ d 2 )
x2
.
x1 C
RC
x1 (0) x1 (T ) 0
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
70
x2 =
( d1+ d 2 )
x2
.
x1 C
RC
x1 = ( u 1 - x 2 )
d1
2Lf s
Power switchin
( u 10 + u 1 )( D 1 + d 1 ) = ( D 1 + d 1 + D 2 + d 2 )( x 20 + x 2 ) ,
d x$2 ( D 1 + d 1 + D 2 + d 2 )
( x + x 2 )
=
( x 10 + x 1 ) - 20
,
dt
C
RC
x 10 + x 1 = ( u 10 + u 1 - x 20 - x 2 )
Dynamic analysis of s
( D 1 + d 1 )
.
2Lf s
71
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
72
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
73
u1 = L x1 x2 + R e sr C x 2
x
1
=
x
2
1
L( R esr + R) x 1
+ L [ u1 ] .
-1
x 2
0
C( R esr + R)
- R esrR
L( R esr + R)
R
C( R esr + R)
-R
x1 = C x 2 +
0 = L x1+ x2 + R esrC x 2 .
-R R e sr
L( R + R)
e sr
x1 =
x
2
x + C x2
x1 = C x 2 + 2 R esr
R
R
C( R e sr + R)
x2 + R esrC x 2
R
L( R e sr + R) x 1 0
+
[ u1 ] .
-1
x 2 0
C( R e sr + R)
-R
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
74
A = A1 d A2 (1 d ) A1 A2 =
- R esrR
L( R esr + R)
R
C( R esr + R)
-R
L( R esr + R)
.
-1
C( R esr + R)
d
B = B1 d B2 (1 d ) = L .
0
x
1
=
x
2
- R esrR
L( R esr + R)
R
C( R esr + R)
Power switchin
-R
d
L( R esr + R) x 1
+ L [ u1 ]
-1
x 2
0
C( R esr + R)
Dynamic analysis of s
75
A nonlinear continuous
equivalent circuit for the buck
converter with a Resr
x1 =
- R esr R
R
d
x1 x2 + u1
L( R esr + R)
L( R esr + R)
L
R
x2 =
C( R esr + R)
d u 1 = L x1+
x1 -
x2
C( R esr + R)
R
R esrR
x1 +
x2
( R esr + R)
( R esr + R)
d u 1 = L x1 + y 2
( x 2 + R esrC x 2 )
.
x1 = C x2 +
R
Power switchin
y2 =
R x2
R esrR x 1 + R x 2 = (
R esr //R)x 1 +
( R esr + R) ( R esr + R)
( R esr + R)
Dynamic analysis of s
76
A linearized continuous
equivalent circuit for the buck
converter with a Resr
u 10 + u 1 )
d x$1 - R esrR( x 10 + x 1 ) R( x 20 + x 2 ) (D + d)(
=
+
dt
L( R esr + R)
L( R esr + R)
L
d x$2 R( x 10 + x 1 ) ( x 20 + x 2 )
=
.
dt
C( R esr + R) C( R esr + R)
- R esrR
R
Du 10
x 10 x 20 +
L( R esr + R)
L( R esr + R)
L
R
C( R esr + R)
x 10 -
x 20
.
C( R esr + R)
Power switchin
d x$1
- R esrR
R
D u 1
=
x 1 x 2 +
dt
L( R esr + R)
L( R esr + R)
L
d u 10
+
L
d x$2
R
x 2
=
.
x 1 dt
C( R esr + R)
C( R esr + R)
Dynamic analysis of s
77
C x2 =
R x2
= L x1+ y 2
( R esr + R)
R
1
x1
x2 .
R esr + R
R esr + R
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
78
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
79
u 1 = L x1
u 2 = C x2 +
1
0
0
x 1 L
x1 = 0
+
1
- x 2 0
x
2
RC
u 1 = L x1 + x 2
x2
R
0
u1
.
1 u 2
C
x1 + u 2 = C x 2 +
x2
R
1
0
1 o
L x 1 L u 1
x1 =
.
+
1
1
0
1
x
x
u
2
- 2
2
C
C
RC
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
80
A = A1 d A2 (1 d ) = 0
d
+
(1- d)
1
1
1
-
-
RC
RC
C
A=
1
L
B = B1 d B2 (1 d ) =
0
1
L
B=
0
x1 =
x
(1- d)
2
C
Dynamic analysis of s
(1- d)
C
0
1 0
L
(1- d)
d+
1
0
1
-(1- d)
1 0
x 1 L u 1
L
+
1 x 2 0 1 u 2
C
RC
Power switchin
-(1- d)
L
.
1
RC
.
1
C
-(1- d)x 2
L
x1 =
(1- d) x 1 x 2
x
2
C
RC
u1
L
+
.
u2
C
81
Nonlinear continuous
equivalent circuit of the ideal
boost converter
x1 =
-(1- d) x 2 1
+ u1
L
L
L
u1
=
x1 + x 2
(1- d) (1- d)
x2 =
(1- d)x 1 x 2 u 2
+
C
RC C
C
u2
x2
+ x1 =
x2 +
.
(1- d)
(1- d)
R(1- d)
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
82
d x$1 -(1- D - d)
1
=
( x 20 + x 2 ) + ( u 10 + u 1 )
dt
L
L
d x$2 (1- D - d)
1
1
=
( x 10 + x 1 ) ( x 20 + x 2 ) + u 2 ,
dt
C
RC
C
d x$1 -(1- D)
d
1
1 D
1
=
x20 u10
x 2 + x 20 + u
dt
L
L
L
L
L
d x$2 (1- D)
d
1
1
(1- D)
1
=
x 1
x 10 x 2 + u 2 +
x 10 x 20 .
dt
C
C
RC
C
C
RC
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
83
(1- D)
u 10
x 20 +
L
L
(1- D)
1
x 10 x 20.
C
RC
1
x 20
=
u 10 (1- D)
x 20
x 10 = R
(1- D)
x 10 =
u 10
,
2
R(1- D )
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
84
d x$1
= -(1- D) x 2 + d x 20 + u 1
dt
d x$2
C
= (1- D) x 1 - x 10d - x 2 + u 2 .
dt
R
x$
(1 D)
Power switchin
(1 D)
x20
1
L $ L $
d L
x
1
x10
0
C
RC
u$1
u$2
Dynamic analysis of s
85
L
1
x 20d
x1 = - x 2 +
+
u1
(1- D)
(1- D) (1- D)
C
1
1
x 10 d
x2 = x1 x2 +
u2 .
(1- D)
(1- D) R(1- D)
(1- D)
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
86
Source-reflected linearized
equivalent circuit for the ideal
boost converter
L x1 = - x 2(1- D) + x 20d + u 1 .
C
x2 (1- D)
x 10d
u2
[
x
(1D)]
=
+
,
2
x
1
2
2
(1- D) R(1- D ) (1- D)
(1- D )
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
87
Load-reflected linearized
circuit for the ideal boost
converter
C x 2 = x 1(1- D) -
x2
- x 10d + u 2 .
R
L
u1
x 20d
x (1- D) = - x 2 +
+
.
2 1
(1- D) (1- D)
(1- D )
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
88
DC transformer equivalent
circuit for the ideal boost
converter
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
89
x A0 x B 0 u E d$
B 0 = [ B 1D + B 2(1- D)]
E = ( A1 - A2 )x 0 + ( B 1 - B 2 )u 0 .
Power switchin
-1
-1
.
X (s) = (s I - A0 ) B 0U(s) + (s I - A0 ) E d(s)
Dynamic analysis of s
90
-1
X (s)
T
= [ sI - A0 - E F T (s) ] -1( B 0 + E Q (s))
U(s)
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
91
x 1 D
x
L
1
=
+ L [ u 1 ] +
x
1 - 1 x 2 0
2
RC
C
A0 =
1
C
d(s) =
D
B 0 = L
0
u 10
E = L .
0
F (s) = 0
1
-
L
1
RC
u 10
L d .
Power switchin
-H(s)
VP
= - H(s) X 2(s) .
d(s)
VP
Q (s) = 0 0 .
T
Dynamic analysis of s
92
X 1(s)
=
(s)
X
1
C
1 u 10H(s)
+
L
LV P
1
s+
RC
-1
D
L [ U 1(s)]
0
1
u 10H(s) + 1 )
s
+
-(
D
RC
L
LV
P
L [ U 1(s)]
1
s 0
X 1(s)
C
.
=
s
1
H(s)
(s)
u
10
2
X
2
+
+
s +
RC LC LCV P
D
1
[s +
]
X 1(s)
L
RC
=
s
1 u 10H(s)
(s)
2
U1
+
+
S +
RC LC LCV P
Power switchin
D
X 2(s) =
LC
.
s
1
H(s)
u
(s)
10
2
U1
+
+
S +
RC LC LCV P
Dynamic analysis of s
93
x1 =
x
(1- D)
2
C
-(1- D)
1 0
x 20
L
L x 1 L u 1
d .
+
+
1 x 2 0 1 u 2
- x 10
C
RC
(1- D) x 20H(s)
+
L
LV P
-(1- D)
1
x H(s)
(s +
) - 10
C
RC
CV P
X 1(s)
=
(s)
X2
Power switchin
-1
1
L
1
C
A0 =
(1- D)
C
U 1 (s)
.
U 2 (s)
-(1- D)
L
1
RC
X 1(s)
=
(s)
X2
1
C
(1- D) x 20H(s)
+
L
LV P
-(1- D)
1
x H(s)
(s +
) - 10
C
RC
CV P
s
1
L
B0 =
0
Dynamic analysis of s
x 20
L
E=
.
- x 10
C
-1
1
L
1
C
U 1 (s)
.
U 2 (s)
94
-(1- D)
H(s)
[1+ u 10
]
2
LC
X 1(s) =
V P(1- D )
.
2
s
H(s)
(1D
H(s)
)
U 2(s)
u
u
2
[1- 10
]+
[1+ 10
]
s +
2
2
RC
LC
V P(1- D )
V P(1- D )
Power switchin
1- D
X 2(s) =
LC
.
2
s
(1- D )
U 1(s)
u
u
10H(s)
10H(s)
2
[1]+
[1+
]
s +
2
2
RC
LC
V P(1- D )
V P(1- D )
X 2(s) =
U 2(s)
s
C
2
s
u 10H(s) ] + (1- D ) [1+ u 10H(s) ]
+
[1s
2
2
RC
LC
V P(1- D )
V P(1- D )
2
Dynamic analysis of s
95
All
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
96
x A x B
u
control strategy
u F x
x ( A B F ) x
closed-loop poles
det[ s I A B F ] 0
Dynamic analysis of s
97
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
98
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
99
A1
1
1
L
; B1 L
1
0
RC
A2
L
; B2
1
RC
0
0
A A1 D A2 (1 D);
B B1 D B 2 (1 D)
Power switchin
1
D
L
; B L
1
0
RC
Dynamic analysis of s
100
polesOL = eig(A)
polesOL = 1000 * { -1.3298 + 2.4961i, -1.3298 - 2.4961i}
^
^
1 ^
x1 ( x 2 D u d U )
L
1 ^ 1 ^
x 2 ( x1 x 2 )
C
R
1
L
1
RC
Power switchin
D ^
x
1
L u
^
x
0
2
U ^
L d
Dynamic analysis of s
101
sysOL=ss(A,B,C,0)
step(sysOL)
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
102
U
E L
0
x A x E d
u0
D ^
d
v ref
Vref
^
D
x A x E (
F x)
Vref
^
Power switchin
^
D
x (A E
F) x
Vref
Dynamic analysis of s
D
ACL A E
F
Vref
103
D
, P)
Vref
D
F
Vref
0.2000 -0.0511
ACL 1e4
1.0638 -0.2660
Dynamic analysis of s
104
PSpice schematic
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
105
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
106
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
107
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
108
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
109
The
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
110
Z EMI =
R s + j L I
.
2
(1 - C I L I ) + j R sC I
RL
R LC o
+
]
+
j
[
]),
Z in = _ 2 ( [
R
L
e
o
2
2
1+( R LC o )
1+( R LC o )
D
Re .
2
D
j L
D
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
111
Z in Z EMI,max
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
112
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
113
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
114
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
115
It should be noted that high core losses in the input EMI filter
inductor is desirable to dissipate the energy at the EMI frequency
so as to prevent it from being reflected back to the power source
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
116
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
117
1
2
2
RL
R
LC o
+
+
R
L
e
o
2
1+( R LC o )2
1+( R LC o )
R s +( L I )
.
Z EMI ( ) =
2
2
2
1- C I L I +( R sC I )
2
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
118
Part 2
Discrete-time models
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
119
x& A x(t ) B
u (t )
to
e At 123
I At A2
t 2 2
t
A( t )
e
B
u ( ) d
to
t
A( t )
e
B
u ( ) d
e A t I A1 B u
A
t I
A 1 B u
to
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
120
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
121
x A1 x B1 u
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
122
x A2 x B2 u
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
123
nonlinear model
x d (t ) A1 d '(t ) A2 x d (t ) B1 d '(t ) B 2 u
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
124
d n D d$n
d d d$
d ' 1 d
x x x$
1 if nTs t (n D)Ts
d (t )
0 if (n D)Ts t (n 1)Ts
sgn( d n D) if t ( n D)Ts , (n d n )Ts
d$(t )
0 otherwise
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
125
steady-state equation
x d A1 d ' A2 x d B1 d ' B2 Vs
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
126
x$ A2 x$ B2 v$s K d$n Ts t n D Ts
K B A1 A2 x n D Ts B1 B2 Vs
n 1 Ts
n D Ts
A2 n 1 Ts
B2 v$s d
n 1 Ts , n 1 D Ts
x$ A1 x$
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
127
Dynamic analysis of s
128
L PLACE ( d d P )
Dynamic analysis of s
129
x n 1 Ts e
D $
d$
v ref
Vref
^
A1 DTs
A2 D 'Ts
x nTs e
x[( n 1) Ts ] x[nTs] d n
A1 DTs
A2 D 'Ts
K Ts d n
$x n 1 T D
s
Vref
e A1 DTs e A2 D 'Ts
K Ts
CL
K ( B B )V
1
2
s
D $
x$ n 1 Ts x$ nTs
v ref
Vref
Power switchin
v$ref F x$ nTs
Dynamic analysis of s
$
F x nTs
Vref
x$ n 1 Ts CL x$ nTs
130
iL [n]
0
xd [n] vc [n] d
; d 0
a
a
xa [n ]
y cx
Power switchin
L L1
L2
ya L2 xa
Dynamic analysis of s
131
dn
d n ^ d n ^ d n ^
x1
x2
Ip
x1
x2
I p
x1 iL
x2 vC
d n ^ d n ^ d n ^
dn
iL
vc
Ip
iL
vc
I p
dn
^
L
iL
(Vd Vc ) Ts
D ^
dn
vc
Vd Vc
^
^
L
dn
Ip
(Vd Vc ) Ts
^
d n
d
d
; 2 n ; 3 n ; and [1 2 ]
x1
x2
I p
^
^
iL
d n 1 2 ^ 3 I p
{
^
v c
dF
1 44 2 4 43
^
d n d CM d F
d CM
Power switchin
Dynamic analysis of s
132
CM
x[(n 1) Ts ] x[nTs ] d n
I p F x nTs
^
x[(n 1) Ts ] x[nTs ] (d CM d F )
^
x$ n 1 Ts CM 3 F x$ nTs
^
x[(n 1) Ts ] CM x[nTs ] 3 I p
Power switchin
CL CM 3 F
x$ n 1 Ts CL x$ nTs
Dynamic analysis of s
133
iL [n]
xd [n] vc [n]
xa [n ]
Power switchin
d CM
a c
L L1
d
a
0
0
Dynamic analysis of s
L2
134