Leadership

Leadership is the ability to influence people

towards the achievement of the goals.
It is the process of guiding and directing the
behaviour of the people in work
environment.
It plays a central part in understanding
group behaviour, for its the leader who
usually provides the direction toward goal
attainment.
Leadership is a process.

A Leader and a Manager

The Managers world

Exploiting financial,
material and human
resources
Relationships with
employees, customers,
suppliers are
contractual
Key tasks are
planning, organizing,
directing and
controlling
Legitimacy is
conferred by virtue of
the office held and the
authority vested in it.

The Leaders world

Empowering people
and building
commitment.
Relationships with
stakeholders, based
on mutual trust
Key tasks are defining
purpose , creating
shared vision and
values
Legitimacy resides in
trust based on
perceived competency
and integrity

Approaches/ Perspectives of
Leadership

Trait perspectives/theories
Behavioural perspectives/theories
Situational perspectives/ theories

Trait Perspectives

Vision, Ambition and energy, the desire

to lead, honesty and integrity, self
confidence, intelligence, job related
knowledge, emotional stability
Are leader born or can they be made?
Administrative, communication,
interpersonal & conceptual skills can be
developed through training.

Behavioural Perspectives

Ohio State University studies

Michigan University studies

Initiating structure vs consideration

Production oriented vs. Employee oriented

Blake & Moutons Managerial Grid

Blake & Moutons Managerial

Grid
1.1-impoverished mgt,
9.1-authorityobedience/task
management
5.5-organization man
mgt/middle of the road
1.9-country club mgt
9.9-team mgt

Contingency Theories

Fred Fiedlers Contingency model

Hersey and Blanchards Situational
theory
Robert Houses Path Goal theory

Fiedlers Contingency Model

Group can perform well if there is a

proper match between the leadership
style and the degree to which the
situation gives control to the leader.

task oriented leaders perform best in

situations of high and low control ,
while relationship oriented leaders
perform best in moderate control
situations

Hersey and Blanchards

Situational Model

The leader should exhibit appropriate

leadership style depending upon the
readiness/maturity of the followers.
Leadership style- Task/ relationship
( high/low)
Employees readiness/maturity- ability &
willingness

Situational Theory
contd

Leadership Styles

Telling/ Directing
(HT and LR)
Selling/Coaching
( HT and HR)
Participating/suppo
rting (LT and HR)
Delegating ( LT and
LR)

Follower Readiness

R1 ( unable and
unwilling)
R2 ( unable and
willing)

R3 ( able and
unwilling)

R4 ( able and willing)

Robert Houses Pathgoal theory

It is the leaders job to assist the follower

in attaining their goals( which are
compatible with the overall objectives of
the group/ orgn) by providing necessary
direction and support.
Leaders Behaviour
Directive
Supportive
Participative
Achievement oriented

Environmental Contingencies
Task structure
Formal authority system
Work group
Leader
Effectiveness

Employee
Motivation
Employee
satisfaction
Leader acceptance

Employee Contingencies
Locus of control
Experience
Perceived ability

Other Leadership
Approaches

Charismatic Leadership

Sets the vision and articulates it clearly

Emotional relationship between the leader
and the follower
Derives referent power
Willing to take personal risk
Sensitive to and followers need and show
unconventional behaviour.
Martin Luther King - I too have a dream
It works well when the followers task has an
ideological component or the environment
involves a high degree of stress &
uncertainty.

Transformational Leadership

Who inspire the followers to transcend their

own self-interests and who are capable of
having a profound and extraordinary effect
on followers
Vision, balance between head & heart,
believe in institutionalization
Characteristics

Idealized Influence
Inspirational Motivation
Intellectual stimulation
Individualized consideration

Visionary Leadership

The ability to create and articulate a

realistic, credible and attractive vision of
the future for an organization or
organizational unit that improves upon
the present.

Authentic Leadership

It includes transformational, charismatic and

transactional leadership as the situation
demands.
They have a conscious and well developed
sense of values. They act in ways that are
consistent with their value system, so they
have a highly evolved sense of right and
wrong.
Authentic leaders motivate their followers to
higher level of performance by building a
workforce characterized by high level of hope,
optimism, resiliency and self efficacy.

Level-5 leaders

Jim Collins book on Good to Great

A study of 29 companies that went from good to
great , found an absence of ego-driven
charismatic leader. Ex-Orin Smith of Starbuck,
John Whitehead of Goldman Sachs
Characteristics
Individual capability
Team skills
Managerial competence
Ability to stimulate others to high performance
A paradoxical blend of personal humility &
professional will

Contemporary Issues in
Leadership

Trust and leadership integrity,

consistence, competence, loyalty,
openness
Emotional intelligence and leadership
effectiveness
Team Leadership
Servant leadership
Selecting & training the leaders