Deductive

Logic

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Deductive
Logic

Enter the world

Of Verbal
Logic!
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What is Deductive Logic?

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What is Deductive Logic?

A simple combination of two words

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What is Deductive Logic?

A simple combination of two words
Deductive
Logic

Deductive
Logic

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What is Deductive Logic?

A simple combination of two words
Deductive
Logic

Deductive
Logic
Adjective form for deduce,
In layman terms, the funda/
meaning to arrive at a
reasoning behind a concept
fact/result
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Thus, Deductive Logic is

nothing else but a
method of arriving at a
conclusion!

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Terms in Deductive Logic

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Terms in Deductive Logic

A
fact/premise
Provided to
us

All men
are
dogs.
All dogs
are
naughty

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Terms in Deductive Logic

A
fact/premise
Provided to
us

All men
are
dogs.
All dogs
are
naughty

The
conclusion
We arrive at!

Thus, all men

are naughty.
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Guru Mantras for

Deductive Logic

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In logic, we
assume
FACTS
Given to us as
True!

Guru Mantras for

Deductive Logic

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In logic, we
assume
FACTS
Given to us as
True!

Guru Mantras for

Deductive Logic

The result
obtained
Should be true
and.

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In logic, we
assume
FACTS
Given to us as
True!

Guru Mantras for

Deductive Logic

The result
obtained
Should be true
and.
And should be
Always true,
That is consistent!
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Syllogisms
-part 1
Observing how words
Such as some, all and
no
Function in a statement
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Forms Of Premise
CASE 1: All A are B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 1: All A are B
All A are B

A Cakewalk

Each of As has to be B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 1: All A are B
All A are B

A Cakewalk

Each of As has to be B

Set representation of All A are B

B
A=
B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 2: No A is B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 2: No A is B
NO A is B Another CakewalkNot even a single can be B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 2: No A is B
NO A is B Another CakewalkNot even a single can be B
Set representation of No A is B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some would mean what?

Atleast 1 A is not B?

Few A are B?

At least 1 A is B?

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some would mean what?

Atleast 1 A is not B?

Few A are B?

Means the same

as
Some A are B

At least 1 A is B?
This would actually mean
Some A are NOT B
If this is not true,
then
No A is B
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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some A are B: Venn diagram approach
Set representation of Some A are B

Set A

Set B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some A are B: Venn diagram approach
Set representation of Some A are B

Set A

Set B

But is this ALL we can

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with Some A are
B???
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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some A are B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some A are B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

Set A=Set B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some A are B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

Set A=Set B

Set B
Set A

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 3: Some A are B
Some A are B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

Set A=Set B

Set B

Set A

Set A

Set B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
If Some A are B= Atleast 1A is B

then Some A are not B simply equals to?

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
If Some A are B= Atleast 1A is B

then Some A are not B simply equals to?

Atleast 1A is not B
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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
Some A are not B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
Some A are not B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

Set B
Set A

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
Some A are not B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set B

Set A

Set B

Set B
Set A

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
Some A are not B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set A=Set B

Set B

Set A

Set B

Set B
Set A

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Forms Of Premise
CASE 4: Some A are not B
Some A are not B can be represented in the following ways:

Set A

Set A=Set B

Set B

Set A

Set B

Set B

Set A

Set A

Set B

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Logical
Consistency
-part 2
Introducing logic into
Statements with the
Help of conditionals
such
As if, only and either/or!
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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

Sachin may or may not score a

100.

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

Sachin may or may not score a

100.

3. Sachin does not score a

100.

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

Sachin may or may not score a

100.
India may or may not win the
match.

3. Sachin does not score a

100.

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

Sachin may or may not score a

100.
India may or may not win the
match.

3. Sachin does not score a

100.
4. India does not win the
match.

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Case 1: If, When , Whenever

What happens when we use conditionals such as if, when or
whenever?
Have a look:
India wins if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

Sachin may or may not score a

100.
India may or may not win the
match.
Sachin did not score a 100.

3. Sachin does not score a

100.
4. India does not win the
match.

The If condition ,in other words, is a sufficient condition for the

effect to happen.
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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India may or may not win the

match

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India may or may not win the

match

2. India wins the match

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.
2. India wins the match

India may or may not win the

match
Sachin scores a 100.

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
India may or may not win the
match
Sachin scores a 100.

1. Sachin scores a 100.

2. India wins the match
3. Sachin does not score a
100.

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
India may or may not win the
match
Sachin scores a 100.

1. Sachin scores a 100.

2. India wins the match
3. Sachin does not score a
100.

India did not win the match.

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
India may or may not win the
match
Sachin scores a 100.

1. Sachin scores a 100.

2. India wins the match
3. Sachin does not score a
100.
4. India does not win the
match.

India did not win the match.

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Case 2: Only If, Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as only if or only
when?
Have a look:
India wins only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
India may or may not win the
match
Sachin scores a 100.

1. Sachin scores a 100.

2. India wins the match
3. Sachin does not score a
100.
4. India does not win the
match.

India did not win the match.

Sachin may or may not score a
100.

The Only If condition ,in other words, is a necessary condition

for the effect to happen.
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Case 3: If & Only If, When & Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as if & only if?
Have a look:

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Case 3: If & Only If, When & Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as if & only if?
Have a look:
India wins if & only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.
2. India wins the match
3. Sachin does not score a
100.
4. India does not win the
match.

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Case 3: If & Only If, When & Only When

What happens when we use conditionals such as if & only if?
Have a look:
India wins if & only if Sachin scores a 100.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. Sachin scores a 100.

India wins the match

2. India wins the match

Sachin scores a 100.

3. Sachin does not score a

100.
4. India does not win the
match.

India did not win the match.

Sachin did not score a 100.

The If & Only If condition ,in other words, is a mixture of the

first two cases.
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Case 4: Either A or B
What happens when we use conditionals such as Either A or
B?
Have a look:

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Case 4: Either A or B
What happens when we use conditionals such as Either A or
B?
Have a look:
Either I am in eating food or watching TV.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:

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Case 4: Either A or B
What happens when we use conditionals such as Either A or
B?
Have a look:
Either I am in eating food or watching TV.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. I am not eating food.

I am watching TV.

2. I am not watching TV.

I am eating food.

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Case 4: Either A or B
What happens when we use conditionals such as Either A or
B?
Have a look:
Either I am in eating food or watching TV.
Now if the conditions on the left are true, what is the outcome:
1. I am not eating food.

I am watching TV.

2. I am not watching TV.

I am eating food.

3. I am watching TV.

I may or may not be eating

food.
I may or may not be watching
TV.

4. I am eating food.

This is a tricky one. Read the notes carefully.

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Thank You!
Hope you had a
pleasant
learning experience.
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