Integumentary System

The skin:
lone organ and the largest

Several functions including:

Protection
Body temperature regulation
Cutaneous sensation
Metabolic functions
Excretion

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Figure 5.1 Skin structure.

Hair shaft
Dermal papillae

Epidermis

Subpapillary
plexus

Papillary
layer

Sweat pore
Appendages of
skin
Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil)
gland
Hair follicle
Hair root

Dermis Reticular
layer

Hypodermis
(subcutaneous
tissue; not part
of skin)
Nervous structures
Sensory nerve fiber
with free nerve endings
Lamellar corpuscle
Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
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Cutaneous
plexus
Adipose tissue

Figure 5.2b The main structural features of the skin epidermis.

Keratinocytes

Stratum corneum
Most superficial layer; 2030 layers of dead cells,
essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin.
Glycolipids in extracellular space.
Stratum granulosum
Typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles
deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules
(release lipids) and keratohyaline granules.
Stratum spinosum
Dendritic
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.
cell
Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments
made of pre-keratin.
Sensory
Stratum basale
nerve
Dermis
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively
ending
mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells
Melanin
Tactile
become part of the more superficial layers.
granule
(Merkel) cell
See occasional melanocytes and dendritic
Desmosomes Melanocyte
cells.
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Figure 5.1 Skin structure.

Hair shaft
Dermal papillae

Epidermis

Subpapillary
plexus

Papillary
layer

Sweat pore
Appendages of
skin
Eccrine sweat gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil)
gland
Hair follicle
Hair root

Dermis Reticular
layer

Hypodermis
(subcutaneous
tissue; not part
of skin)
Nervous structures
Sensory nerve fiber
with free nerve endings
Lamellar corpuscle
Hair follicle receptor
(root hair plexus)
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Cutaneous
plexus
Adipose tissue

Layers of the Dermis:

Papillary Layer
Loose tissue
Phagocytes can patrol for microorganisms

Dermal papillae
Superficial peglike projections
Meissner's corpuscles (touch receptors)
Free nerve endings (pain receptors)

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Layers of the Dermis:

Reticular Layer

~80% of dermal thickness

Dense fibrous connective tissue
Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Collagen fibers

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Appendages of the Skin

Derivatives of the epidermis
Hairs and hair follicles
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands

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Figure 5.5c Skin appendages: Structure of a hair and hair follicle.

Hair shaft

Arrector
pili
Sebaceous
gland
Hair root
Hair bulb

Follicle wall
Peripheral connective
tissue (fibrous) sheath
Glassy membrane
Epithelial root sheath
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Hair root
Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla
Hair matrix
Hair papilla
Melanocyte
Subcutaneous
adipose tissue

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Diagram of a longitudinal view of the expanded hair

bulb of the follicle, which encloses the matrix

Figure 5.6 Skin appendages: Structure of a nail.

Lunule

Lateral
nail fold

Free edge Body Eponychium

Root of nail
of nail
of nail (cuticle)
Proximal
Nail
nail fold
matrix

Hyponychium
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Nail bed Phalanx (bone of fingertip)

Sweat Glands
Also called sudoriferous glands
All skin surfaces except nipples and parts of
external genitalia
Two main types
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands

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Figure 5.7b Photomicrograph of a sectioned eccrine gland (140x).

Sebaceous
gland

Sweat
pore

Eccrine
gland
Duct
Dermal connective
tissue
Secretory cells

Photomicrograph of a
sectioned eccrine
gland (140x)
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Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

Widely distributed
Not in thick skin of palms and soles

Most develop from hair follicles and secrete into

hair follicles
Secrete sebum

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Figure 5.7a Photomicrograph of a sectioned sebaceous gland (90x).

Sebaceous
gland
Dermal
connective
Hair in
tissue
hair follicle
Sebaceous
gland duct

Sweat
pore

Eccrine
gland

Secretory cells
Photomicrograph of a
sectioned sebaceous
gland (90x)

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Figure 5.8 Photographs of skin cancers.

Basal cell carcinoma

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Squamous cell
carcinoma

Melanoma

Skin Neoplasms
Cancerous
Basal cell
carcinoma
Malignant tumor of
the basal cell
layer of the
epidermis

Skin Neoplasms Cancerous

Squamous cell
carcinoma
Malignant
tumor of the
squamous
epithelial
cells of the
epidermis

Melanoma Skin Cancer

30yr. Old Male

Abnormal Conditions
Burns: injury to tissue due to heat,

chemical, electric shock, lightning, or

radiation. Second degree burn (left) and
third degree burn (right).

First degree:
Includes only the outer layer of skin, the epidermis
Skin is usually red and very painful
Dry in appearance

Second degree: Can be classified as partial or full

thickness.
Partial thickness
Blisters can be present
Involve the entire epidermis and upper layers of the
dermis
Wound will be pink, red in color, painful and wet appearing
Full thickness
Can be red or white in appearance, but will appear dry.
Involves the destruction of the entire epidermis and most
of the dermis

Third degree:
All layers of the skin is destroyed
Areas can appear, black or white and will be
dry
Can appear leathery in texture
No pain

 Fourth degree:
Extends into muscle and bone
Very often fatal.

Fifth and Sixth Degree Burns

Most often diagnosed during an autopsy.
The damage goes all the way to the bone
and everything between the skin and the
bone is destroyed.
Amputation of the affected area would be
necessary.

Seventh Degree Burn

Cremation

4th/5th Degree Burn

Sixth Degree Burn