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Projectile Motion:
two
Introduction: Projectile motion refers to freefall motion in ______
horizontal
dimensions. The motion of the object will have a ______________
vertical
component and a _______________
component.
There is a constant acceleration due to gravity,
only. Here the g refers to:
g, points downwards
downward
s
x
There are two coordinates to describe projectile motion. The _____
horizontal motion and the
coordinate and component refer to _____________
y coordinate and component refer to _____________
vertical
_____
motion.
We need to define the same concepts used in Ch. 2 for our study of
two dimensional motion.
+y = up
The objects location can be
described in relation to the
origin. The origin can be chosen
to be any place convenient.
v
x
+x = right, or any
other horizontal
direction
x x, y
change
Displacement: The displacement of an object is the ____________
position
vector
of ____________
of an object. The displacement is a ____________!
The displacement is represented as:
x x xo
+y
Initial
position
xo xo , yo
+x
Final
position
initial position
x x, y final position
x x xo , y yo
x x, y
x x xo
v
t
t
ie. to 0
ie. t t to t 0 t
vo vo x , vo y
initial velocity
Here, vox is the horizontal component of the initial velocity, and voy is
the vertical component of the initial velocity.
v vx , v y
final velocity
v v vo
a
t
t
a ax , a y
a a x , a y 0, g
g 9.80 m s 2 32.2 ft s 2
x vot at
1
2
v vo at
2
v vo 2ax
2
ax 0
x vo x t
v x vox
ay = g Substitute y for x
For the y direction, the acceleration is _________.
and get the equations of motion for the vertical part of the motion:
y vo y t gt
1
2
v y vo y gt
2
v y vo y 2 gy
y is the vertical displacement.
voy is the initial velocity in the y direction.
vy is the y component of the final velocity.
vox
y = 50.0 m
voy = 0
y vo y t 12 gt 2
50.0 m 0 gt
1
2
solve for t:
2 50.0 m
t
g
t 3.19 s
x vo x t 18.0 ms 3.194 s
x 57.5 m
c. Solve for each component of the final velocity just before impact.
For the x direction:
v x vox 18.0 ms
2
v y vo y 2 gy
v y 0 2 g 50.0 m 31.3 ms
Note: The minus sign on vy is to show it points downwards!
The last step is to combine these into magnitude and direction. Draw
the components and use Pythagorean theorem and inverse tangent.
vx = +18.0 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem:
vy = 31.3 m/s
v vx v y
2
18.0 31.3
m 2
s
m 2
s
v 36.1 ms
Use inverse tangent:
tan
vy
vx
m
31
.
3
1
s
60.1
tan
18.0 ms
below horizontal
If gravity were off, the banana would travel directly to the monkey.
y vo y t gt
1
2
yo = h = ?
h 0 gt
y=0
1
2
y = 0 h
1
2
9.80 2.41 s
m
s2
28.5 m
v x vox 12.0 ms
v y vo y gt
vy
0 9.80 2.41 s
m
s2
23.6 ms
The last step is to combine these into magnitude and direction. Draw
the components and use Pythagorean theorem and inverse tangent.
vx = +12.0 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem:
vy = 23.6 m/s
v vx v y
2
12.0 23.6
m 2
s
m 2
s
v 26.5 ms
Use inverse tangent:
tan
vy
vx
m
23
.
6
1
s
63.1
tan
12.0 ms
below horizontal
x = 24.1 m
x vo x t
x
t
vo x
24.1 m
t
3
.
71
s
6.50 ms
Now that the time is given, follow the last example to find height and
final velocity.
y vo y t gt
1
2
h 0 gt
1
2
1
2
9.80 3.71 s
m
s2
67.4 m
Solve for each component of the final velocity just before impact.
v x vox 6.50 ms
v y vo y gt
vx = +6.50 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem:
vy = 36.3 m/s
v vx v y
2
6.50 36.3
m 2
s
m 2
s
v 36.9 ms
Use inverse tangent:
tan
vy
vx
m
36
.
3
1
s
79.9
tan
6.50 ms
below horizontal
v x vox 10.0 ms
voy = 0 m/s
yo = h = ?
tan
y=0
y = 0 h
vy
vx
v y v x tan
vy = ?
14
.
3
v y 10.0 tan 55.0
s
m
s
vy 0 2 g h
v y vo y 2 gy
vy
2g
14.3
m 2
s
2 9.80 m s 2
10.4 m
vy
vx
The y component is
opposite, so use sine.
vx
cos
v
vy
sin
v
so
v x v cos
so
v y v sin
The y component is
opposite, so use sine.
This component also
points downwards, so
it is negative.
vy
vx
cos
v
vy
sin
v
so
v x v cos
so
v y v sin
vo
vox
voy
vox vo cos o
v y vo y 2 gy
y
vo y
2g
0 vo y 2 gy
15.0
m 2
s
2 9.80 m s 2
11.5 m
vo y
2g
vo sin 0
2g
vo sin 0
2g
2
At what angle should the object be thrown to reach the greatest height?
90
Reason: The largest value that sin() can have is +1, and that occurs only
when the angle is 90.
(c) How long did it take the ball to reach the highest point?
voy = +15.0 m/s
vy,top = 0 m/s
t=?
0 vo y gt
v y vo y gt
tup
vo y
g
15.0 ms
9.80
m
s2
1.53 s
(d) What was the total time the ball was in the air?
voy = +15.0 m/s
yo = 0 m
yf = 0 m
y = 0 m
y vo y t 12 gt 2
vo y t gt
1
2
0 vo y t gt
1
2
215.0 ms
t
9.80 m s 2
t=?
ttot
3.06 s
2vo y
g
Note: The total time in the air is just twice the time to the top. This is
the same result as in chapter 2. There is the same symmetry here as
in the purely vertical motion in Ch. 2: When an object starts and stops
at the same vertical height, the time to travel to the top is equal to the
time to fall back down.
v x vox vo cos o
v y vo y gt
2voy
voy vo sin o
v y voy g
g
The last step is to combine these into magnitude and direction. Draw
the components and use Pythagorean theorem and inverse tangent.
vx = + vocoso
Use Pythagorean theorem:
vy = vosino
v vx v y
2
vo cos o
vo sin o
v vo
Use inverse tangent:
tan
vy
vx
vo sin o
tan
vo cos o
1
o
below horizontal
2vo y
x vo x t
ttot
vox vo cos o
voy vo sin o
x vo x t
vo x
2vo y
g
2
x vo cos o vo sin o
g
2
vo
x
2 sin o cos o
g
From your Trig class, you learned (or will learn of) an identity:
vo
x
2 sin o cos o
g
2
vo
x
sin 2 o
g
Note that 45 gives the greatest range.
Also from your Trig class, you learned (or will learn of) an identity:
vo
x
sin 2 o
g
sin 2 o sin 180 2 o sin 2 90 o
The angle o and 90 o give the same horizontal
distance or range!
ft
s
ft
s
voy vo sin o
ft
s
ft
s
v y , top 0
vy
0
2
vo y 2 gy
y ?
y
vo y
2g
vo y
2g
70.48
2 32.2
ft 2
s
ft
s2
77.1 ft
y 167.1 ft
(b) How long does it take for the ball to hit the ground?
y 90.0 ft
voy 70.48
y vo y t 12 gt 2
ft
s
90.0 ft 70.48
ft
s
t 32.2 t
1
2
ft
s2
70.48
t 1.03 s,5.41 s
x vox t
x 25.65
ft
s
5.41 s
x 139 ft
0
vo y 12 gt
vo y
y vo y t 12 gt 2
vo y t 12 gt 2
1
2
s2
m
s
61.74 ms
vo sin o vo
68.1 ms
sin 65.0
x vox t
x vo cos ot
x 68.12 ms cos 65.012.60 s
x 363 m
v x vox vo cos o
v x 68.12 ms cos 65.0 28.79 ms
v y vo y gt vo sin o gt
v y 61.74 ms 9.80 m s 2 10.00 s
v y 36.26 ms
vy = 36.26 m/s
vx = +28.79 m/s
Use Pythagorean theorem:
v vx v y
2
28.79 36.26
m 2
s
m 2
s
v 46.3 ms
Use inverse tangent:
tan
vy
vx
m
36
.
26
1
s
51.6
tan
below horizontal
28.79 ms
Example #10: In making a record jump, the truck Bigfoot jumped 208
feet. If the truck left the ramp at 69.3 mph, and the landing ramp was
identical in angle and height, determine the angle of the launch ramp.
vo 69.3
mile
hour
5280 ft
1 mile
1 hour
3600 s
vo 101.64
ft
s
2
vo
x
sin 2 o
g
gx 1 1
o sin
2 sin
2
vo
1
2
o 20.2
32.2 208 ft
ft
s2
101.64
ft 2
s
Example #11: It is the last play of the game and Troy is losing by 2 points to
Sunny (cough) Hills. They decide to attempt a 55.0 yard field goal. The
kicker kicks the ball straight at the 10.0 foot tall goal posts. If he kicks the
ball at 52.5 mph and 40.0 above the horizontal, does Troy win?
vo 52.5
mile
hour
5280 ft
1 mile
vo 77.0
1 hour
3600 s
ft
s
First, determine the time for the ball to travel 55.0 yard = 165 feet. Then
determine the height of the ball (hopefully) above the ground at this time.
Is this height greater than 10.0 feet?
x vo cos o t
165 ft
t
2.80 s
ft
77.0 s cos 40.0
y vo y t 12 gt 2
y 77.0
ft
s
1
2
32.2 2.80 s
y 12.5 ft 10.0 ft
ft
s2
vo ?
x 20.9 m
y 2.00 m
o 45.0
Substitute x into y and solve for vo.
x vo cos o t
x
t
vo cos o
y vo sin ot gt
1
2
x 1
x
2 g
y vo sin o
vo cos o
vo cos o
g x
y x tan o
2
2
2vo cos o
2
g x
x
tan
y
o
2
2
2vo cos o
2
g x
vo
2
2 x tan o y cos o
2