Mental Illness

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Definition

Mental illness or mental disorder is a

condition that affects thoughts, feelings
and behaviors of someone who is strong
enough to make social integration
problematic, or cause personal
suffering.

Etiology
The causes of mental disorders are generally complex,
interact and vary according to the particular disorder also
individual. Genetics, trauma, substance abuse, disease or
injury, neural/psychological mechanisms, prenatal damage,
life experiences, society and culture can all contribute to
the development or progression of mental disorders.

Epidemiology
according to an research, It is estimated 2-

3 permile of the amount population suffer

from severe mental disorder.
research in American, it was found that

about a third of all Americans suffer from

mental illness in their lives.

Pathology
1.) Anxiety Disorders - People with anxiety

disorders respond to certain objects or situations

with fear and dread, as well as with physical
signs of anxiety or nervousness such as rapid
heartbeat and sweating. An anxiety disorder is
diagnosed if the person's response is not
appropriate for the situation, if the person
cannot control the response, or if the anxiety
interferes with normal functioning. Anxiety
disorders include generalized anxiety disorder,
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive
compulsive disorder (OCD), and specific phobias.

o generalized anxiety disorder

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Phobia

Pathology
2.) Mood Disorders - These disorders, also
called affective disorders, involve
persistent feelings of sadness or periods of
feeling overly happy, or fluctuations from
extreme happiness to extreme sadness.
The most common mood disorders are
depression, mania, and bipolar disorder.

Depression
Mania
Bipolar
Disorder

Pathology
3.) Psychotic Disorders - These disorders

involve distorted awareness and thinking.

Two of the most common symptoms of
psychotic disorders are hallucinations - the
experience of images or sounds that are
not real (such as hearing voices) and
delusions - false beliefs that the ill person
accepts as true, despite evidence to the
contrary. Schizophrenia is an example of a
psychotic disorder.

Schizophrenia

Pathology

4.) Eating Disorders - these involve

extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors

involving weight and food. Example:
Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa

Pathology
5.) Impulse Control & Addiction Disorders -

People with impulse control disorders are

unable to resist urges, or impulses, to
perform acts that could be harmful to
themselves or others. Kleptomania (stealing)
is example of impulse control disorders.
Drugs is common objects of addictions.
Often, people with these disorders become
so involved with the objects of their addiction
that they begin to ignore their responsibilities
and relationships

Drugs addiction
Kleptomania

Pathology
6.) Personality Disorders - People with

personality disorders have extreme and

inflexible personality traits that are
distressing to the person and/or cause
problems in work, school, or social
relationships. In addition, the person's
patterns of thinking and behavior
significantly differ from the expectations of
society, and are so rigid, that they interfere
with the person's normal functioning.
Examples anti-social personality disorder.

anti-social personality
disorder

Symptomathology
In adults
Confused thinking
Long-lasting sadness or irritability
Extremely high and low moods
Excessive fear, worry, or anxiety
Social withdrawal
Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
Strong feelings of anger
Delusions or hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not really there)
Increasing inability to cope with daily problems and activities
Thoughts of suicide
Denial of obvious problems
Many unexplained physical problems
Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol
Feel suspicious

Symptomathology
In Children
Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol
Changes in school performance, falling grades
Inability to cope with daily problems and activities
Changes in sleeping and/or eating habits
Excessive complaints of physical problems
Defying authority, skipping school, stealing, or
damaging property
Intense fear of gaining weight
Long-lasting negative mood, often along with poor
appetite and thoughts of death
Frequent outbursts of anger

Diagnosis
beginning with an evaluation by a doctor or other mental health

professional if symptoms of mental illness are present. The

evaluation will begin with the health care provider asking questions
about your symptoms and medical history and sometimes
performing a physical exam. doctors may use various tests to make
sure something else isn't causing the symptoms. If no other illness is
found, you may be referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental
health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat
mental illnesses.
Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and

assessment tools to evaluate a person for a mental illness. The

doctor bases his or her diagnosis on the person's report of symptoms
-- including any social or functional problems caused by the
symptoms -- and his or her observation of the person's attitudes and
behavior. The doctor then determines if the person's symptoms and
degree of disability point to a diagnosis of a specific disorder.

Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy

Psychodynamic therapy is based on the assumption that a person is having emotional

problems because of unresolved, generally unconscious conflicts, often stemming from
childhood. The goal of this type of therapy is for the patient to understand and cope
better with these feelings by talking about the experiences. Psychodynamic therapy is
administered over a period of three to four months.
Interpersonal Therapy

Interpersonal therapy focuses on the behaviors and interactions a patient has with
family and friends. The primary goal of this therapy is to improve communication skills
and increase self-esteem during a short period of time. It usually lasts three to four
months and works well for depression caused by mourning, relationship conflicts, major
life events, and social isolation.
Psychodynamic and interpersonal therapies help patients resolve mental illness caused

by:
Loss (grief)
Relationship conflicts
Role transitions (such as becoming a mother, or a caregiver)

Therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy

helps people with mental illness to identify and change inaccurate

perceptions that they may have of themselves and the world around
them. The therapist helps the patient establish new ways of thinking by
directing attention to both the "wrong" and "right" assumptions they
make about themselves and others.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is recommended for patients:
Who think and behave in ways that trigger and perpetuate mental illness.
Who suffer from depression and/or anxiety disorders as the only

treatment or, depending on the severity, in addition to treatment with

antidepressant medication.
Who refuse or are unable to take antidepressant medication.
Of all ages who have mental illness that causes suffering, disability, or
interpersonal problems.

Treatment
Antidepressant medications. Antidepressants are used to treat various

types of depression and sometimes other conditions. Antidepressants can

help improve such symptoms as sadness, hopelessness, lack of energy,
difficulty concentrating and lack of interest in activities. Different types of
antidepressants are grouped by how they affect brain chemistry. The best
one for you depends on your particular situation and how your body
responds to medication.
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Citalopram (Celexa)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Escitalopram (Lexapro).
Mood-stabilizing medications. Mood stabilizers are most commonly used to

treat bipolar disorder, which is characterized by alternating episodes of

mania and depression. Sometimes mood-stabilizing medications are added
to antidepressants to treat depression. The drug are: carbamazepine
(Tegretol), lamotrigine (Lamictal) and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal).

Treatment
Anti-anxiety medications. Anti-anxiety

medications are used to treat anxiety

disorders, such as generalized anxiety
disorder and panic disorder. They may also
help reduce agitation and insomnia. These
medications are typically fast acting,
helping relieve symptoms in as little as 30
to 60 minutes. A major drawback, however,
is that they have the potential to cause
dependency.
clonazepam(1-4 mg per day) andalprazolam
(1.5 to 6 mg per day)

Treatment
Antipsychotic medications. Antipsychotic

medications, also called neuroleptics, are typically

used to treat psychotic disorders such as
schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications may also
be used to treat bipolar disorders or added to
antidepressants to treat depression.
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Paliperidone (Invega).