E-I Embedded System

Embedded System
(8051 Application)

What is Embedded System?

An embedded system is
closely integrated with
the main system
It may not interact
directly with the
environment
For example A
An
embedded product uses
microprocessor or
microcomputer
in aa car
microcontroller to do one task only
ignition control

There is only one application software that is typically burned

into ROM

Examples of Embedded Systems

Keyboard
Printer
video game player
MP3 music players
Embedded memories to keep
configuration information
Mobile phone units
Domestic (home) appliances
Data switches
Automotive controls

 Microprocessor
Definition
Working
Microprocessor
Microcontroller
Definition
Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller
8051 Features

Microprocessor:

Multipurpose
ReProgrammable
Digital Device
Semiconductor
IC

Microprocessor (cont.):

Works On:

Input data from outer world.

Process it under control of stored

instructions/program in memory.

Provide desired result to the outer

world.

Microprocessor (cont.):

MICROCONTROLLER :
Microcontroller is a programmable digital
processor with necessary peripherals.

A microcontroller is a highly integrated

single chip, which consists of on chip
CPU, RAM , EPROM/PROM/ROM , I/O -serial and
parallel, timers, interrupt controller.

For example,
Introduced in 1981 by Intel Corporation.
Intel 8051 is 8-bit microcontroller
Intel 8096 is 16-bit microcontrol
Both microcontrollers and microprocessors are complex
sequential digital circuits meant to carry out job
according to the program / instructions.

Microprocessor Vs
Microcontroller:

Fig. Block diagram of a Microprocessor.

Fig. Block diagram of a Microcontroller.

Distinguish between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

S.

Microprocessor

Microcontroller

No

A microprocessor is a general purpose A microcontroller is a dedicated chip which

device which is called a CPU

is also called single chip computer.

A microprocessor do not contain

A microcontroller includes RAM, ROM,

serial and parallel interface, timers, interrupt
circuitry (in addition to CPU) in a single
chip.

onchip I/OPorts, Timers, Memories

etc..

Microprocessors are most commonly Microcontrollers are used in small, minimum

used as the CPU in microcomputer component designs performing controloriented applications.
systems

Microprocessor

instructions

mainly nibble or byte addressable

are Microcontroller instructions are both bit

addressable as well as byte addressable.

Microprocessor instruction sets are

Microcontrollers

have

instruction

sets

mainly intended for catering to large catering to the control of inputs and outputs.
volumes of data.

Microprocessor based system design Microcontroller based system design is rather

is complex and expensive

simple and cost effective

The Instruction set of microprocessor The instruction set of a Microcontroller is

is complex with large number of very simple with less number of instructions.
instructions.

For, ex: PIC microcontrollers have only 35

instructions.

A microprocessor has zero status flag A microcontroller has no zero flag.

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS :
Microcontrollers can be classified on the basis of internal bus
width, architecture, memory and instruction set as 4-bit,8-bit,16bit and 32-bit microcontrollers.
4-bit Microcontrollers: :
small size, minimum pin count and low cost
controllers
widely used for low end applications like LED &
LCD display drivers ,portable battery chargers
etc..
Their power consumption is also low.
Examples:
Renasa M34501
which is a 20 pin DIP chip with 4kB of
ROM,256 Bytes of RAM
2-Counters and 14 I/O Pins.

8-bit Microcontrollers :
About 55% of all CPUs sold in the world are 8-bit
microcontrollers only.
The 8-bit microcontroller has 8-bit internal bus and
the ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical
operations on a byte instruction.
Examples:
The well known 8-bit microcontroller is 8051
which was designed by Intel in the year 1981 for
the use in embedded systems.
Other 8-bit microcontrollers are Intel 8031/8052
and Motorola MC68HC11
AVR Microcontrollers
Microchips PIC Microcontrollers 12C5XX ,16C5X
and 16C505 etc.

16-bit Microcontrollers :
When the microcontroller performs 16-bit arithmetic and
logical operations at an instruction, the microcontroller is
said to be a 16-bit microcontroller.
The internal bus width of 16-bit microcontroller is of 16bit.
These microcontrollers are having increased memory size
and speed of operation when compared to 8-bit
microcontrollers.
These are most suitable for programming in High-level
languages like C or C++ .
They find applications in disk
drivers,modems,printers,scanners and servomotor
control.
Examples of 16-bit microcontrollers are
Intel 8096 family and Motorola MC68HC12 and
MC68332 families
The performance and computing capability of 16 bit

32-Bit Microcontrollers :
These microcontrollers used in high-end applications
like
Automotive control,
Communication networks,
Robotics,Cell phones ,
GPRS & PDAs etc.
For EX:
PIC32,ARM 7,ARM9 ,SHARP LH79520 ,
ATMEL 32 (AVR)
Texas Instruments . TMS320F2802x/2803x etc.
are some of the popular 32-bit microcontrollers.

Three criteria in Choosing a

Microcontroller
meeting the computing needs of the task
efficiently and cost effectively
speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of
I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power
consumption
easy to upgrade
cost per unit

availability of software development tools

assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator,
simulator, technical support

wide availability and reliable sources of the

microcontrollers

Manufacturers of 8051:

Intel
Atmel
Phillips
Dallas
Motorola
National
Infineon

Comparison of the 8051 Family Members

ROM type

no ROM
mask ROM
EPROM
Flash EEPROM

89xx

8031
80xx
87xx
89xx

8951
8952
8953
8955
898252
891051
892051

Example (AT89C51,AT89LV51,AT89S51)
AT= ATMEL(Manufacture)
C = CMOS technology
LV= Low Power(3.0v)

Comparison of the 8051 Family

Members
89XX

ROM

RAM

Timer

Int

IO pin

Other

8951

4k

128

32

8952

8k

256

32

8953

12k

256

32

WD

8955

20k

256

32

WD

898252

8k

256

32

ISP

891051

1k

64

16

AC

892051

2k

128

16

AC

Source

WD: Watch Dog Timer

AC: Analog Comparator
ISP: In System Programable

HARDWARD AND PRINCETON(VON NEUMANN) ARCHITECTURE

HARDWARD AND PRINCETON(VON NEUMANN)

ARCHITECTURE

Princeton architecture ---simplicity, High

reliability, low cost based on technology
The basic sequence of working is fetch ,decode
and execute

In Von Neuman Architecture the Instruction(Program) and Data both

reside in the same memory segment
whereas in Harvard Architecture both reside separately.
In Von Neuman Architecture we can get either instruction or data to
the cache( which will ultimately goto the ALU) in one clock cycle
Harvard Architecture we can get both the instruction and data to the
respective caches in the same clock cycle itself. This is achieved
because in the idle time the address and data bus keeps on filling the
caches so that when the processing unit requests for it , it can be
given.
ARM v7 uses Von Neuman Architecture
ARM 9 uses Harvard Architecture.

RISC

CISC

Smaller instrutionset

Complex instruction set

It hashardwired control and

hence faster

Microprogrammed control
and hence slower

Less Flexibility

More flexibility

Speed of one instru per

clock cycle possible

Speed lesser

Supports fewer addressing

modes

Many addressing modes

EVOLUTION OF
MICROCONTROLLERS

TMS1000
Microprocessor chip called 6801

Texas Instrumentsin
Motorola