EcE Special Topics

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Prepared by:

Joselito DL. Torculas, EcE

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LHospitals Rule
Suppose f and g are differentiable andg ' x 0
. Suppose that:
lim f x 0 and

xa

or that,
Then,

lim f x and

xa

lim g x 0

xa

lim g x

xa

f x
f ' x
lim
lim

xa g x
xa g ' x

D.C.

1. Evaluate:

3x 2 x 10
lim
x2
x2 4
a. 3
b. 11/4

c. no limit
d. 1/3

f x
f ' x
lim
lim

xa g x
xa g ' x

D.C.

2. Calculate:
2

ln x
lim
x x
.

a. 0
b. 1

c.
d.

f x
f ' x
lim
lim

xa g x
xa g ' x

D.C.

3. Find:

sin 2 x
lim
x 0 sin 3 x
.

a. 1/3
b. 3/4

c. 2/3
d. 0

DIFFERENTIATION FO
Algebraic

Functions
d
c 0
dx

d n
n 1 du
u nu
dx
dx

d
dv
du
uv u v
dx
dx
dx
du
dv
v
u
d u
dx
dx

dx v
v2

DIFFERENTIATION FO
Trigonometric

Functions
d
du
sin u cos u
dx
dx

d
du
cos u sin u
dx
dx

d
du
2
tan u sec u
dx
dx

d
du
2
cot u csc u
dx
dx

d
sec u sec u tan u du
dx
dx

d
csc u csc u cot u du
dx
dx

DIFFERENTIATION FO
Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
d
1
du
arcsin u
dx
1 u 2 dx

d
1
du
arccos u
dx
1 u 2 dx

d
arctan u 1 2 du
dx
1 u dx

d
arc cot 1 2 du
dx
1 u dx

d
arc sec 1 du
dx
u u 2 1 dx

d
arc csc u 1 du
dx
u u 2 1 dx

DIFFERENTIATION FO
Logarithmic and

Exponential Functions
log a e du
d
log a u
dx
u dx

d u
du
u
a a ln a
dx
dx

d
1 du
ln u
dx
u dx

d u
u du
e e
dx
dx

d v
dv
v 1 du
v
u vu
u ln u
dx
dx
dx

DIFFERENTIATION FO
Hyperbolic

Functions
d
du
sinh u cosh u
dx
dx

d
du
cosh u sinh u
dx
dx

d
tanh u sec h 2 u du
dx
dx

d
coth u csc h 2 u du
dx
dx

d
sec hu sec hu tanh u du
dx
dx

d
csc hu csc hu coth u du
dx
dx

DIFFERENTIATION FO
Inverse Hyperbolic

Functions
d
arcsin hu 1 du
dx
u 2 1 dx

d
arccos hu 1 du
dx
u 2 1 dx

d
arctan hu 1 2 du
dx
1 u dx

d
arc coth u 1 2 du
dx
1 u dx

d
arc sec hu 1 du
dx
u 1 u 2 dx

d
1
du
arc csc hu
dx
u 1 u 2 dx

D.C.

4. Differentiate:

y 1 5x
a. y '

5x

c.
1 5x 2

b. y ' 5 x 1 5d.
x2

y'

5x
1 5x 2

y ' 5 x 1 5 x 2

d n
n 1 du
u nu
dx
dx

D.C.

5. Differentiate:
2

y x cos 2 x
a.
b.
c.
d.

y ' 2 x 2 sin 2 x 2 x cos 2 x

y ' 2 x 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x
y ' 2 x 2 sin 2 x 2 x cos 2 x
y ' 2 x 2 cos 2 x 2 x sin 2 x

d
dv
du
uv u v
dx
dx
dx

D.C.

6. Find the first derivative of:

y arcsin 4 x
a.
b.

8 arcsin 4 x
c.
1 4x2
8 arcsin 4 xd.
1 16 x

2 arcsin 4 x
1 16 x 2
4 arcsin 4 x
1 16 x

D.C.

7. Find y if:

ye
a.

esin 2 x cos 2 xc.

b. e cos 2 x sin 2d.

x

sin 2 x

2e sin x cos x
2e

sin 2 x

cos 2 x

D.C.

8. Find y if:

y2

4x

a.

34 x 2 ln 2 c.

2 4 x 2 ln 2

b.

32 x 2 ln 3 d.

23 x 2 ln 4

D.C.

9. Find the second derivative of the

function:

a.
b.

y x ln x
2

x1 2 ln x

3 2 ln x

2 ln x

2
x

c.

d.

D.C. APPLICATION : SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE

Slope of the Tangent Line

The slope of the tangent line mT at the

point of tangency is equal toy ' .

Equation of the Tangent Line at point (h,k)

on the curve: y k y ' x h
Slope of the Normal Line
mN
1 normal line
The slope of the
to a

y ' to
given curve is equal
.

Equation of the Normal1Line at point (h,k)

y k x h
on the curve:
y'

D.C.

10.Find the equation of the tangent line to

origin.
x 3 y xatthe
2y
0
2

a.
b.

x 2 yc. 0
x 2 yd. 0

2x y 0
2x y 0

Equation of the Tangent Line at point (h,k) on the

curve:

y k y' x h

D.C. APPLICATION : MAXIMA AND MINIMA

At maximum or minimum points, the tangent

line is horizontal or the slope is zero.

dy
y' f ' x 0
dx
Point of Inflection
The point of inflection is a point at which the
curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward, or vice versa. At the points of
inflection, the second derivative of y is zero.

y" 0

D.C. APPLICATION : MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Steps in Solving Maxima/Minima Problems:

1. Draw the diagram if needed in the problem.

2. Identify the variable to be maximized or

minimized.
3. Express this variable in terms of the other
relevant variable(s).
4. If the function shall consist of more than one
variable, express in terms of one variable
using the conditions in the problem.
5. Differentiate the equation and equate to
zero.

D.C.

11.Given the function y

x x 2
2

.
Find the coordinates of the maximum
point.
a. (0,0)
b. (1,0)

c. (2,0)
d. (1,1)

D.C.

12.Given the function:

y x 3 3x 2 4 x 5
Determine the coordinates of the point of
inflection.
a. (-1,-3)
b. (2,9)

c. (0,5)
d. (1,7)

D.C.

13.Two posts, one 7 ft high and the other 8 ft

high, stand 8 ft apart. They are to be stayed

by wires attached to a single stake at
ground level, the wires running to the tops
of the posts. What is the shortest length of
wire that will able to implement this setup?
a. 17 ft c.
b. 18 ft d.

19 ft
20 ft

D.C.

14.A man wishes to use 40 ft fencing to

enclose a rectangular garden. Determine

the maximum possible area of his garden.
a. 64 sq. ft
b. 100 sq. ft.

c.

400 sq. ft.

d. 1600 sq. ft.

D.C.
15.A telephone company has to run a line from a

point A on one side of a river to another point B

that is on the other side, 30 km down from the
point opposite A. The river is uniformly 10 km
wide. The company can run the line along the
shoreline to a point C and then run the line
under the river to B. The cost of laying the line
along the shore is P5000 per km, and the cost
of laying it under water is P12000 per km.
Where the point C should be located to
minimize the cost?
a. 5.167 km
b. 6.435 km

c. 4.583 km
d. 3.567 km

D.C.

16.Find two numbers whose sum is 36 and

the product of one by the square of the

other is a maximum.
a. 13 and 23
b. 25 and 11

c. 16 and 20
d. 12 and 24

D.C.

17.A rectangular box open at the top is to be

formed from a rectangular piece of

cardboard 3 inches by 8 inches. What side of
square should be cut from each corner to
form the box with maximum volume?
a. 3 in.
b. 0.67 in.

c. 1.5 in.
d. 2 in.

D.C.
18.A closed cylindrical can must have a volume of

1000 in3. Its lateral surface is to be constructed

from a rectangular piece of metal and its top
and bottom are to be stamped from square
pieces of metal and the rest of the square
discarded. What height will minimize the
amount of metal needed in the construction of
the can?
a. 30/pi in.
b. 40/pi in.

c. 50/pi in.
d. 60/pi in.

D.C. APPLICATION : TIME-RATES

Steps in Solving Time-Rate Problems:

1. Draw the diagram if needed. Label the diagram

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

with the numerical values given in the problem.

Determine the given rates and the rate needed
in the problem.
Using the diagram or conditions in the problem,
find an equation relating all the given and
unknown variables.
Find a relationship that will equate the equation
into a single variable if possible.
Differentiate the equation.
Substitute all the necessary given values and
solve for the unknown rate.

D.C.

19.A spherical toy balloon is being filled with

gas at the rate of 500 mm3/sec. When the

diameter is 0.5 m, find the rate (in
mm2/sec) at which the surface area is
increasing.
a. 2
b. 3

c. 4
d. 5

D.C.

20.A man is riding his car at the rate of 30

km/hr toward the foot of the pole 10 m

high. At what rate is he approaching the
top when he is 40 m from the foot of the
pole?
a. -5.60 m/s
b. -6.78 m/s

c.
d.

-8.08 m/s
-4.86 m/s

D.C.

21.A ladder 10 ft long is resting against the side

of a building. If the foot of the ladder slips

away from the wall at the rate of
2
ft/min, how fast is the angle between the
ladder and the building changing when the
foot of the ladder is 6 ft away from the
building?
a. 0.5 rad/min
b. 0.33 rad/min

c.

0.25 rad/min
d. 0.67 rad/min

INTEGRAL

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I.C.

STANDARDS OF INTEGRATION

adu au c

du u c
af u du a f u du

1
f au du f x dx c
a

x y z du xdu ydu zdu

I.C.
Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions

adu au c

u
a
u
a
du ln a c

1 n 1
u du n 1 u c
n

e du e
u

for n 1

du
ln u c
u

ln udu u ln u u c

I.C.

Trigonometric Functions

sin udu cos u c

cos udu sin u c

tan udu ln sec u c

cot udu ln csc u c

sec udu ln sec u tan u c csc udu ln csc u cot u c

1
sin udu 2 u sin u cos u c
2

2
cos
udu

1
u sin u cos u c
2

I.C.

Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

u
arcsin c
a
a2 u2
du

du
1
u
arctan c
2
2
a
a u
a

1
u
u u 2 a 2 a arc sec a c
du

I.C.

Hyperbolic Functions

sinh udu cosh u c

cosh udu sinh u c

tanh udu ln cosh u c

coth udu ln sinh u c

sec hudu arcsin tanh u c

u
csc hudu ln tanh 2 c

I.C.

Integration by
Parts

udv uv vdu
Trigonometric Substitution
a. When the integrand involves a2 x2, use x = asin .
b. When the integrand involves a2 + x2, use x = atan.
c. When the integrand involves x2 a2,use x = a sec.

I.C.

Wallis Formula

2 sin m
0

cos n d

m 1 m 3 2 or 1 n 1 n 3 2 or 1

m n m n 2 2 or 1
where
:

when both m and n are even.

2
1 if otherwise.

I.C.

1. Solve:

xdx

x2 2

a. 1 4 x 2 2c.
c
5

b. 1 4

5
2 c
x 2 d.

1 n 1
u du n 1 u c
n

5
2

5
2

1
4 x2
5
1
6 x2
5

for n 1

c
c

I.C.

2. Integrate:

x 2
x2

dx

a. 1 x 2 6 x 16 ln x 2 c

2
1 2
b. x 6 x 16 ln x 2 c
2
c. 1 x 2 6 x 16 ln x 2 c
2

1
d. x 2 6 x 16 ln x 2 c
2

I.C.

3. Find:

xe 3 x dx

1 3x
1
c
a. xe x c.
3
3

1 3x
1
e x c
3
3

1
1

3
x
b. xe x d.
c
3
3

1 3x
1
e x c
3
3

I.C.

4. Find:

2 cot x 3 sin x
dx
sin x

a. csc 2 x cos c.
xc

sec x 2 sin x c

b. 2 csc x 3 cosd.x c

sin 2 x cos 2 x c

I.C.

5. Integrate:

a.
b.

c.c

9 9 x2
x

c
d.
9 x2

dx

3
x2 2

x
9 x2
9x

9 x2

I.C.

6. Find:

2
0

sin 4 cos 7 d

a. 16/1155
b. 16/1001

c. 8/99
d. 8/1155

I.C.

7. Solve:

4 3

2 1

a. 88/3
b. 89

y dydx

c. 3
d. 79/3

IC APPLICATION : PLANE AREAS

Using Horizontal Strip

y2

y1

xR xL dy

Using Vertical Strip

x2

x1

yU yL dx

Using Polar Coordinates

1 2 2
A r d
2 1

I.C.

8. Determine

the area of the region

bounded by the parabola y = 9 x2 and
the line x + y = 7.
a. 4.5 sq. units
b. 2.5 sq. units

c. 1.5 sq. units

d. 3.5 sq. units

I.C.

9. Find the area bounded by the curves

y = x4 x2 and y = x2 - 1.
a. 16/13 sq. units
b. 16/15 sq. units

c. 15/4 sq. units

d. 17/3 sq. units

I.C.

10.Find the area of the region bounded by

the curve r2 = 16cos .

a. 16 sq. units
b. 32 sq. units

c. 30 sq. units
d. 25 sq. units

I.C. APPLICATION: LENGTH OF A PLANE CURVE

in Rectangular Form
b

dy
dx
a
dx

S 1
a

in Parametric Form

in Polar Form
2

dx

dt

dy

dt
dt

r2

dr
d
d

dx
dy
1
dy

I.C.

11.Find the length of arc of the parabola

y2 = 4x from the vertex to a point where

x = 4.
a. 4.92
b. 5.92

c. 6.92
d. 7.92
S

y2

y1

dx
dy
1
dy

I.C.

12.Find the perimeter of the curve

r 41 sin
a. 26
b. 28

c. 30
d. 32

dr
r
d
d
2

I.C. APPLICATION : CENTROID OF PLANE AREAS

Using Horizontal/Vertical Strip

Ay

Ax

x2

x1
x2
x1

y dx

x c dx
c

y2

y1
y2

y1

x c dy
y c dy

where (xc,yc) is the centroid of the strip.

For Rectangles

A1 x1 A2 x2
x
ATOTAL

A1 y1 A2 y2
y
ATOTAL

I.C.

13.The given area is bounded by the curve

y = x2 and the line 2x + y = 8.

Determine the x-component of the
centroid of the area.
a. -2
b. -1

c. -0.8
d. -0.5

I.C.

14.A small square 5 cm by 5 cm is cut out

of one corner of a rectangular

cardboard 20 cm wide by 30 cm long.
How far from the uncut longer side is
the centroid of the remaining area?
a. 9.56 cm
b. 9.35 cm

c. 9.48 cm
d. 9.67 cm

I.C. APPLICATION : MOMENT OF INERTIA

OF PLANE AREAS
About the x-axis (use horizontal strip)

Ix

y2

y1

y 2dA ;

A xdy

About the y-axis (use vertical strip)

x2

I y x 2 dA ;
x1

A ydx

I.C.

15.Find the moment of inertia of the area

bounded by the curve x2 = 8y, the line x

= 4 and the x-axis on the first quadrant
with respect to the y-axis.
a. 1.14
b. 2.15

c. 15.1
d. 25.6
x2

I y x 2 dA ;
x1

A ydx

I.C. APPLICATION : VOLUME OF SOLID

OF REVOLUTION
Circular Disk Method

x2

x1

yU yL

dx or V

y2

y1

xR xL 2 dy

Circular Ring Method (Washer Method)

x2

x1

yL dx or V
2

y2

y1

Cylindrical Shell Method

V 2 r yU y L dx ; r x xrotation
x2

x1

V 2 r xR xL dy ; r y yrotation
y2

y1

xL 2 dy

I.C.

16.Find the volume of the solid of revolution

obtained by revolving the region bounded

by y = x x2 and the x-axis about the xaxis?
a. pi/15 cu. units c. pi/30 cu. units
b. pi/45 cu. units d. pi/60 cu. units

I.C.

17.What is the volume generated when the

area in the first quadrant bounded by the

curve x2 = 8y, the line x = 4 and the xaxis is revolved about the y-axis.
a. 40.13 cu. units
b. 45.78 cu. units

c. 50.26 cu. units

d. 30.56 cu. units

I.C.

18.Find the volume obtained if the region

bounded by y = x2, y = 8 x2 and the yaxis is rotated about the x-axis.

a. 156pi/3 cu. units
units
b. 256pi/3 cu. units
units

c. 254pi/3 cu.
d. 356pi/3 cu.

 PAPPUS THEOREM
First Proposition of Pappus :A 2 rS
where A is area, S is the length of arc and r is the
distance from the centroid of the arc to the axis
of revolution.

V 2 rA

Second Proposition of Pappus :

where V is the volume and r is the shortest

distance from the centroid of the area to be
revolved to the axis of revolution.

I.C.

19.Find the surface area of a right circular

cylinder with radius of 20 cm and height

of 30 cm.
a. 1276.5 cm2
b. 2265.4 cm2

c. 3568.3 cm2
d. 4100.5 cm2

I.C.

20.Determine

the volume generated by

rotating the curve x2 + y2 = 25 about the
line x 10 = 0.

a. 4560.1 cu. units

units
b. 5142.2 cu. units
units

c. 4934.8 cu.
d. 6142.5 cu.