PNEUAMATIC SYSTEMS AND

ITS APPLICATIONS

Advantages of pneumatics

Pneumatic applications
General methods of material
handling:
Clamping
- Shifting
- Positioning
- Orienting
- Branching of material flow

General applications:
- Packaging

- Driving of axes
- Stacking of components
- Turning and embossing of components
- Locking
- Road cleaning

Control of a single acting cylinder

Transfer a parts from a magazine

A double acting cylinder is used to press together glued

components
Using a transfer station, parts are to be transferred
from a vertical magazine by a cylinder 1A and then
transfer on to the chute by cylinder 2A

Pneumatic grippers and lifting and

injecting systems

Basics of Pneumatics

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Control

Comparison
Pneumatic Control Is:

Hydraulic Control:

Clean

Is Infinitely Controllable

Fast

Produces Extremely Large

Forces

Intrinsically Safe
Overload Safe
Inexpensive for Individual
Components

Requires High Pressures

Requires Heavy Duty
Components

Pneumatic and Hydraulic

Dangers
The dangers of the use of compressed air include:
Air Embolism
Hose/Pipe
Whipping
Noise
Crushing/Cutting

The dangers of working with high pressure oil can be

infinitely more drastic:

High Pressure Oil Injection

Oil Burns
Crushing/Cutting

This injury is a result of placing the hand in front

of a jet of leaking hydraulic fluid at around 180
Bar

Simple Application Example

Hydraulic
Actuat
or

DCV

Pump

Filter
Tank

Basic Elements of Pneumatic

systems

Compressor
Storage Tank
Control Valves
Actuators
Hoses and pipes

Simple Application Example

FR
L

3/
2

Actuator

5/2

DC
V

DC
V

Pneumatic

Differences in Symbols
Symbols Reminder
Compressor

Hydraulic Pump
Pumps and Motors
differ only by filling in
the direction arrow or
leaving it white.

Supply and Pilot

arrows are also filled
in or left white.
Hydraulically Actuated and
supplied 3/2 Pilot Spring

Pneumatically
Actuated
and supplied 3/2 Pilot
Spring

Differences in Symbols
Cylinders and other actuators also differ with respect to supply and direction
arrows.

Hydraulic Double Acting Cylinder

Pneumatic Double Acting Cylinder

Many symbols do not change, for example the Filter symbol.

Hydraulic Filter

Pneumatic Filter

Remember however that the physical construction is completely different.

For example, hydraulic filters can be either Suction Strainers (suction side of the
pump), Pressure Filter (pressure side of the pump) or Return Filter (in the return
to tank line). Each filter requires different properties.

Differences in Symbols
Hydraulic valves have a crossover to Tank.

Pneumatic valves tend to have two

Exhaust outlets to Atmosphere.

Differences in Medium
Hydraulic Oil is Hygroscopic and can be easily Oxidised at high temperatures.
Hydraulic Fluid is viscous and can be various types with varying
Viscosities including:
Flame Retardant
Mineral Oil
Synthetic Oil
Water Glycol

Hydraulic fluid can have many additives including:

Anti Oxidants
Lubricity Improvement
Anti Foaming Additive
Anti Wear Additives

Air can hold Moisture which can turn into Condensation at the Dew Point.
The pneumatic components must remove the Condensation from
the air and provide Lubrication.
Air is safe under a wide range of operating temperatures.

Differences in Principles and

Properties

Pneumatic systems rely on a supply of Compressed air flowing through Pipes to

Actuators. The Force for work is produced due to the Pressure of the Air acting
on the Area of the actuator.
Air is Compressible.
Gas laws such as Boyles and Charless Laws govern medium behaviour
Actuator demand is measured in m3 per hour or operation
Compressor output is measured in m3 per hour Free Air Delivery (FAD)
Hydraulic systems rely on a supply of incompressible fluid flowing through Hoses
to Actuators. The Force for work is produced due to the Pressure of the Oil acting
on the Area of the actuator.
Oil is considered Incompressible.
Bernoullis and other Fluid Flow Laws govern medium behaviour
Actuator demand is measured litres per minute for a specific speed
Pump output is measured litres per minute
Both Hydraulics and Pneumatics are described with Pascals Law and F=PA

Differences in Pressure and Force

Pneumatic Pressures and Forces
Produced at 10Bar
Used at 0~6 Bar
Forces up to 5000Kg

Hydraulic Pressures and Forces

Produced and used at 200~400Bar
Forces up to Thousands of tonnes

Force

Force Calculator
Area
Pressure

Differences in Construction
Production
The hydraulic Power
Pack contains the
Pump,
Tank
(Reservoir), Filters
and commonly a
Relief
Valve
for
protection of the
system. The unit is
usually local to the
machine that is using
it. Hydraulic pumps
are usually Positive
Displacement
devices
which
means they displace
all the oils they
pump.

The
Pneumatic
Compressor
installation usually
includes a Dryer
and Receiver. The
unit
is
usually
remote from the
machine that is
using it.

Differences in Construction
Valves and Actuators

Pneumatic valves and actuators are

generally of light construction as they need
to deal with pressure up to a maximum of
10 Bar.
The cost of these components is cheap
when compared to the much more heavily
constructed hydraulic components.

Hydraulic valves and actuators are much more

heavily
constructed
than
pneumatic
components. This is because the components
must deal with pressures up to 400 Bar+.
Hydraulic actuators can be very large when
compared with common pneumatic actuators.
Hydraulic components are much more
expensive
than
standard
pneumatic
components. A standard hydraulic DCV is in the
region of hundreds of Euro, a standard
application pneumatic valve would typically cost
tens of Euro.

Differences in Construction
Hoses, Pipes and Connectors
Hydraulic hoses and
connectors are heavily
constructed to hold the
higher
pressures.
Rubber hoses are
steel
Reinforced
(Braided)
to
Strengthen them.
Pipe

Fittings
Hose

(Connectors)

Braid
(Reinforcement)
Fittings
(Connectors)

Straight
Coupling

Tee

Pneumatic Pipes and

Fittings are of light
construction.
Pneumatic Pipe is
made from nylon and
generally connects to
the
fittings
using
Push Fit connectors.

Differences in Application
Hydraulic systems are
used where large forces
are required such as in
earth moving equipment,
heavy cutting, Pressing
and Clamping

Pneumatic systems are

used for relatively light
moving, Clamping

Pneumatics Components

Lecture 13

Piston Compressor

Single cylinder compressor

Double-acting compressor

Two-stage compressor

Combined two-stage compressor

Vane Compressor

Lobe Compressor

Screw Compressor

Screw
Compressor

FRL

FRL is also called as service unit.

The three main elements are:
1.Air Filter
2.Pressure Regulator
3.Lubricator

Air filter

Air pressure regulators

Pilot-operated regulator

Pressure
Regulator

Air lubricator

Lecture 15

Lubricator

FRL or Air service unit

Pneumatic silencer