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Transport Phenomena
In week 4 we studied:
Conductive + convective
process
View factors
A2
A2 is determined:
Fraction absorbed by A2
Emitted 1 A1T1
Reflected 1 2 1 A1T14
Absorbed 2 1 1 1 2 1 A1T14
A1
A2
If both of the surfaces act as black bodies, then 1 = 2 = 1, and this simplifies to the familiar
A2
Black Plates
The difference between these two is the term in brackets. For a typical material
such as oxidized iron, 0.75, or for polished aluminum, 0.05. The term in
brackets would then evaluate to:
Oxidized Iron
= 0.75
Polished Aluminum
= 0.05
A2
View factors
The efficiency of radiative heat transfer
between two surfaces is also a function of
their geometrical arrangements relative to
each other. The view factor, Fij, is defined
as the fraction of the total emitted radiation
E E
Qis1,netuseful
e1for
,bb A
1 F12 e2 ,net
bb Aheat
2 F21 fluxes between
This
evaluating
where
4
For
systeminin
equilibriu
m,
pairs
of a
surfaces
systems
with complicated
geometries. e1,bb 1T1
Q1,net 0
Ai Fij A j F ji
Useful!
e2,bb 2T24
View factors
A3
A4
A2
A1
Again, the view factor is the fraction of radiation emitted by a surface and
intercepted by another surface. Therefore, all the radiation from a surface must
ultimately hit something. For example, if surface A1 is seen by surfaces A2, A3, A4, , An,
then
(etc.)
This relationship is useful in radiative processes because they tend to be highly parallel
processes (using the resistance analogy), with many simultaneous paths for heat transfer.
[Please note: A different version of this form of chart is given in Chapter 4 Gea
Class problem 17
Some view factors can be
computed using simple principles
of geometry
Determine the view factor for the
following geometry
A1
A2
Suggested Approach
The previous slides show published view factors in a plot
format. These can generally be calculated using solid
geometry principles, although the calculations can be a bit
complex (see text).
What geometries can you think for this system?
Ai Fij A j F ji
or
A1 F12 A2 F21
Solution
A2
Ai Fij A j F ji
or
A1 F12 A2 F21
F12 1.0
1
andgeometry,
intercepted
2) is:that:
From
webyknow
A1
2
A1 = R
and
2
A2 = 2R
A1
R 2
1 .0
F21
F12
2
A2
2R
F21
1
2
1
2
Finally, recall that for a given surface, we know that the sum of its view factors must add to 1, so for A2,
F21 F22 1
F22
1
2
or
F22 1 F21 1
Class Problem 18
Radiative exchange with view factors
Room, Tsur
Heater Wire
Insulation
Suggested approach
Lets assume the furnace walls are functioning as black bodies, and that the walls are thick, and perfect insulators
(outside walls of the pot are at room temperature).
The only heat loss is via radiation through the pots opening at the top. An energy balance would then say that the
needed power, is equal to the heat lost through the top.
Solution contd.
Tsur = 27 C
A3,T3= Tsur
A1,T1=1350 C
150 mm
inside, T3 = Tsur.
Please note, the view factors are simply used
A2,T2=1650 C
as correction factors for the StefanThe net heat flow to the imaginary surface at the opening (i.e., through
Boltzmann equation for each of the heat
the opening)
is13therefore
QQ
Q23 the sum of the component radiant heat flows:
flow paths.
Solutioncontd.
To calculate the view factors needed here, we need to be a bit
creative in our use of the available data, combined with the useful
Using
the graph
from the earlier slide (right),
view factor
relationships.
we have calculated F23 = 0.06.
From the summation rule, F21+ F23 = 1
2
Or F21 = 1 F23 = 1 A
0.06, or F21
= 0.94.
0
.
075
m
2
F12
A1
F21
0.075m 0.15m
0.94
The reciprocityFrule
tells
0.118us A1F12 = A2F21, or
12
Solutioncontd.
Noting that = 1 for black bodies, now it is just a matter of substituting
these values, and doing the math
0.075m
Q 1639W 205W
Q 1844W
0.06 5.67 10
W
m2K 4
W
m2 K 4
1623K
1923K
300 K
300 K
Class problem 19
Suggested Approach
q=F12A1 (T14-T24)
Geankoplis
4.11.1
4.11.3