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ChE 374

(Week 6 Spring 16)

Transport Phenomena

In week 4 we studied:

Problems where HT concept


can be applied to different
system
Multi-layered systems with

Conductive + convective
process
View factors

Today we will look at

Heat transport across multiple surfaces


View factors, F.

Infinite parallel plates


A1

Consider two infinite parallel grey-body plates (A1


and A2) of with emissivities and absorptivities of

1=1 and 2=2. in this case, each plate has an

A2

unobstructed view of each other. The flux from A1 to 4


Energy emitted from A1 to A2

A2 is determined:
Fraction absorbed by A2

Energy reflected from A2 back to A1 (the

Emitted 1 A1T1

Absorbed 2 1 A1T14 2 1 A1T14

Reflected 1 2 1 A1T14

part not absorbed above = 1-2)

Amount again reflected back to A2 and absorbed


there.

Absorbed 2 1 1 1 2 1 A1T14

Infinite parallel plates


This process will continue infinitely.

A1

The total amount of energy absorbed at A2 will be


the sum of each of these components (all the
reflections) will be the infinite series (after some
math)
This series simplifies to:

Repeating for the amount absorbed by A1 (repeat above logic):

A2

Infinite parallel plates


A1

The net heat flow from 1 to 2 is therefore the


difference between these two simultaneous radiative
flows.

If both of the surfaces act as black bodies, then 1 = 2 = 1, and this simplifies to the familiar

A2

Infinite parallel plates


Examining the differences of the net flux between two grey body plates,
compared to two black body plates, we see a significant difference. (Assuming
A1=A2)
Grey Plates

Black Plates

The difference between these two is the term in brackets. For a typical material
such as oxidized iron, 0.75, or for polished aluminum, 0.05. The term in
brackets would then evaluate to:
Oxidized Iron

The term in brackets constitutes a correction factor to black

= 0.75

body radiative heat transfer by slowing it down.


This is very useful when trying to control radiative heat flow!

Polished Aluminum

= 0.05

Emissivity and radiative


heat shielding significance
We can take advantage of the non-ideal
emissivities (i.e., < 1) to reduced the heat flow
through the use of radiation shields. I.e., by
A1

A2

placing an extra plane (the shield) in between the


two
surfaces
T1heat
andflow
T2.from A1 to A2, through N intermediate
It
canparallel
be shown
that the at
net
shields, can be written as:
The use of shields (or multiple shields!) plays a significant
role in reducing the net heat flux.
To see this, consider the case without any shields (N=0).
This reverts to the equation on the previous slide.

The role of surface


orientation
If two surfaces are arranged so that radiant energy can be exchanged between
them (i.e., line-of-sight exists), a net flow of energy will occur from the hotter
surface to the colder surface.
The size, shape, orientation, and radiative properties of each surface are
factors that will contribute to this heat transfer.
In practice, the medium between the surfaces can also affect the transfer. Air
(or a vacuum) doesnt absorb much (or any) radiative energy, but other gases
such as CO2 or H2O vapor can absorb quite a bit. For the present discussion,
however, we will disregard any absorptivity in the radiation medium.

View factors
The efficiency of radiative heat transfer
between two surfaces is also a function of
their geometrical arrangements relative to
each other. The view factor, Fij, is defined
as the fraction of the total emitted radiation

E E

The net flow between


surfaces
1, netsurface
12 i, and
21intercepted
leaving
by two
surface
j.

Qis1,netuseful
e1for
,bb A
1 F12 e2 ,net
bb Aheat
2 F21 fluxes between
This
evaluating

where

4
For
systeminin
equilibriu
m,
pairs
of a
surfaces
systems
with complicated
geometries. e1,bb 1T1

Q1,net 0

Ai Fij A j F ji

Useful!

e2,bb 2T24

Q1,net e1,bb A1 F12 e2,bb A2 F21 e1,bb A1 F12 e2,bb A1 F12

Q1,net A1 F12 e1,bb e2,bb A1 F12 1T14 2T24

View factors
A3

A4

A2
A1

Again, the view factor is the fraction of radiation emitted by a surface and
intercepted by another surface. Therefore, all the radiation from a surface must
ultimately hit something. For example, if surface A1 is seen by surfaces A2, A3, A4, , An,
then

F12 F13 F14 F1n 1

(etc.)

This relationship is useful in radiative processes because they tend to be highly parallel
processes (using the resistance analogy), with many simultaneous paths for heat transfer.

Some 2D view factors

Incropera & DeWitt

Some 3D view factors


3-D View Factors for Common Finite Geometries
(see a heat transfer text for analytical expressions used to generate these)

[Please note: A different version of this form of chart is given in Chapter 4 Gea

Class problem 17
Some view factors can be
computed using simple principles
of geometry
Determine the view factor for the
following geometry

Consider a flat surface, covered by a hemisphere. In this case, the


flat plane, surface A1, can see only the hemisphere A2. However,
the hemisphere can see the plane, and it can also see itself!
Determine the view factors between A1 & A2.

A1

A2

Suggested Approach
The previous slides show published view factors in a plot
format. These can generally be calculated using solid
geometry principles, although the calculations can be a bit
complex (see text).
What geometries can you think for this system?

How can you corelate these geometries with view factors?

Determine through using equations such as:

Ai Fij A j F ji
or
A1 F12 A2 F21

Solution
A2

Ai Fij A j F ji

Recall from earlier that at equilibrium,


Surface A1 sees only A2.

Thus we can immediately

or

say that the view factor

A1 F12 A2 F21

F12 (fraction emitted from

F12 1.0

1
andgeometry,
intercepted
2) is:that:
From
webyknow

A1

2
A1 = R

and

2
A2 = 2R

A1
R 2
1 .0
F21
F12
2
A2
2R

Substituting for F12, A1 and A2:

F21

1
2

1
2

Finally, recall that for a given surface, we know that the sum of its view factors must add to 1, so for A2,

F21 F22 1
F22

1
2

or

F22 1 F21 1

Class Problem 18
Radiative exchange with view factors
Room, Tsur

A cylindrical melting pot with an

open top is used in a room at a


Side, T1

uniform temperature (room walls

heaters maintain the pot

& air) of 27 C. If the electrical

Heater Wire

Insulation

sidewalls at 1350 C, and the


Bottom, T2

bottom at 1650 C, how much


power will be required to maintain
these temperatures at steady
state?

Suggested approach
Lets assume the furnace walls are functioning as black bodies, and that the walls are thick, and perfect insulators
(outside walls of the pot are at room temperature).
The only heat loss is via radiation through the pots opening at the top. An energy balance would then say that the
needed power, is equal to the heat lost through the top.

Again, please remember: The previous slides show


published view factors in a plot format. These can
generally be calculated using solid geometry principles,
although the calculations can be a bit complex (see text).

What geometries can you think for this system?

How can you corelate these geometries with view factors?

Solution contd.
Tsur = 27 C

Lets label the sketch with details.


75mm

A3,T3= Tsur

We will use an imaginary surface, A3.

Tsur, we can assume that as viewed from the

A1,T1=1350 C
150 mm

Because the entire room (surroundings) is at

inside, T3 = Tsur.
Please note, the view factors are simply used

A2,T2=1650 C

as correction factors for the StefanThe net heat flow to the imaginary surface at the opening (i.e., through
Boltzmann equation for each of the heat
the opening)
is13therefore
QQ
Q23 the sum of the component radiant heat flows:
flow paths.

Q A1 F13 1 T14 T34 A2 F23 2 T24 T34

Using the graph below (shown earlier), we can


calculate F23
We us rj/L = 0.25, and L/rj = 4. This is calculated from the geometry in the figure assuming
the length of the heated area is the same as the outside.
F23 turns out to be 0.06.

Solutioncontd.
To calculate the view factors needed here, we need to be a bit
creative in our use of the available data, combined with the useful
Using
the graph
from the earlier slide (right),
view factor
relationships.
we have calculated F23 = 0.06.
From the summation rule, F21+ F23 = 1
2
Or F21 = 1 F23 = 1 A
0.06, or F21
= 0.94.

0
.
075
m
2

F12

A1

F21

0.075m 0.15m

0.94

The reciprocityFrule
tells
0.118us A1F12 = A2F21, or
12

Finally, from symmetry, we can say that F13 = F12.

Solutioncontd.
Noting that = 1 for black bodies, now it is just a matter of substituting
these values, and doing the math

Q A1 F13 1 T14 T34 A2 F23 2 T24 T34

Q 0.075m 0.15m 0.118 5.67 10 8

0.075m

Q 1639W 205W
Q 1844W

0.06 5.67 10

W
m2K 4

W
m2 K 4

1623K

1923K

300 K

300 K

Class problem 19

G4.11.5) Radiation between adjacent


perpendicular plates

Two adjacent rectangles are perpendicular


to each other. The first rectangle is 1.52
x 2.44 m and the second in 1.83 with the
2.44 m common to both surfaces. The
temperature of the first surface is 699K
and the 2nd is 478K. Both surfaces are
black. Calculate the radiant heat transfer
between the two surfaces.

Suggested Approach

First draw the figure

Since this is a problem of radiation you


have to first estimate the view factors.
You need to use the Fig 4.11.8 from
Geankoplis

In this figure, estimate Y, Z, and Fij.

Use the expression for heat flux derived


earlier in terms of F.

q=F12A1 (T14-T24)

Assignment 4 Due March 3


2016

Geankoplis

Read problems 4.11.3 and 4.11.4

I have attached a scanned copy, for your


convenience)

Solve problems from the back of the Ch 4 of


Geankoplis

4.11.1

4.11.3

4.11.7 (trial and error problem)

[I am assuming all of you have access to the


Geankoplis book by now]

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