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SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
ARTIFACTS IN
CYTOPATHOLOGY
BY
ADAGA SAMUEL EKEH
12/04144004
OUTLINE
Introduction
Overview of cytopathology
Artifacts in cytopathology
Role of cytopathology
Overcoming artifacts in cytopathology
Conclusion.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION CONTD
METHODS OF CYTOPATHOLOGY
Diagnostic cytology can be carried out by different
methods which includes the following;
METHODS CONTD
METHODS CONTD
ARTIFACTS IN CYTOLOGICAL
SMEARS
Fixation
artifacts
These artifacts
occur in too thick
cytological smears
resulting in
inadequate fixation
and stabilization of
the cellular
structures
Drying artifacts
These groups of artifacts are observed in
cytological smears stained with
haematological stains like May-Grunwald. In
this method, the smears are intentionally
air-dried, but if the smears are not correctly
These artifacts can be found in pap smears
requiring alcohol fixation when the time
between smearing and wet fixation is
prolonged resulting in rapid evaporation
and air-drying. Thus, from the instant the
smear is made, air-drying proceed
extremely rapidly, hence the urgency for
fixation. The cytoplasm takes up more eosin
and nuclear details are less clear resulting
in pale-stained nuclei, lack of differential
cytoplasmic staining, cytoplasmic and
nuclear eosinophilia
Crush/smearing artifacts
These artifacts are found in
cytological smears prepared
from specimens diluted
with blood. The specimen is
spread like a peripheral
smear and the particles
tend to come to the edge of
the smear. Crushing these
larger particles with undue
pressure can result in
crush/smearing artifacts
Iatrogenic artifacts
Pollen Grains
These are aerial
contaminants. They
generally present
with a thick refractile
cell wall.
Cornflake artifacts
This brown artifact is
thought to occur
when there is a delay
between removing
the slides from the
last xylene and
applying the
mounting media. This
may be due to air
trapped within the
surface grooves of
mature squamous
cells
Worm-like artifacts
3. Clinical correlation
Correlation of cytomorphology with the
clinical picture (history, clinical features,
physical examination, radiological and
laboratory findings) is important in order
to avoid misinterpretation of artifacts.
CONCLUSION
Diagnostic cytology has become a widely accepted
diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of malignant,
infectious, inflammatory, genetic and
endocrinological disorders. Artifacts resulting from
both intrinsic and extrinsic contamination of
cytological smears remain a major diagnostic
pitfall in cytodiagnosis. This has resulted in
increased difficulty in accurate microscopic
interpretation of cytomorphological structures in
cytological smears. familiarity with these artifacts
and strict adherence to standard operating
procedures is essential to avoid misinterpretations
that can lead to false positive or false negative
diagnosis.