7.

0 Variation and
Inheritance

Genetic or Environment
2 animals of same kind can be
different because of
1). Genetic Causes the genes they
inherit eg eye colour
2). Environmental Causes the
conditions they grow up in
3). Combination of both

Genes and Gametes

Plants and Animals have similar features to their
parents eg hair colour or flower colour
The information leading to these similarities is
carried by GENES
Genes are passed on through SEX CELLS called
GAMETES (eg sperm and egg, pollen and ovum)
The Offspring develop from the GAMETES

Chromosomes
Carry genes that control body
characteristics
Are found in the nucleus of a cell
Normally found in pairs
Humans = 23 pairs of chromosomes

Chromosomes 2
One of the 23 pairs is the Sex chromosomes
These determine whether you are male or
female
Females sex chromosomes are the same XX
Males sex chromosomes are different XY

Chromosomes 3
Different genes control development of
different parts of the organism
Eg eye colour gene / hair colour gene
Some charachteristics are controlled by a
single gene
The gene has 2 ALLELES eg blond hair colour
allele and brown eye colour allele

Chromosomes 3
Some alleles may be dominant and
others recessive
The gene produces a protein which is
blue or brown coloured
Genes operate at a molecular level to
produce a characteristic that we can
see

Chromosomes 4
HOMOZYGOUS if both
chromosomes in a pair have the
same ALLELE of the GENE
BB
HETEROZYGOUS if both
chromosomes in a pair have different
ALLELES of the gene Bb

Chromosomes 5
GENOTYPE = what the molecular
genetic information is BB
PHENOTYPE = what the physical
picture looks like brown eyes

Chromosomes 6
DOMINANT ALLELE only needs to be
present on one chromosome to
control the characteristic
RECESSIVE ALLELE needs to be
present on BOTH chromosomes to
control the characteristic

Mendel PEA FLOWERS

GENERATION 1:
breed red-flowered plants with white-flowered plants
all the offspring produced red flowers.

GENERATION 2:
If he bred these plants with each other,
most of the offspring had red flowers 3/4
but some had white
Allele for red flowers is dominant
Allele for white flowers is recessive.

Mendel generation 1

This a genetic diagram dominant in CAPITAL letters

/ recessive in small letters

Mendel generation 2

Monohybrid Inheritance
Inheritance of one characteristic

Eg eye colour
Sex
Flower colour
Genetic diseases

genetic diagrams are biological models which

can be used to predict the outcomes of
crosses.

Sexual Reproduction
The joining (fusion) of male and
female gametes.
Sperm joins with Egg
The mixture of the genetic
information from two parents leads
to variety in the offspring

Asexual Reproduction
no fusion of gametes
Only one individual is needed as the parent.
There is no mixing of genetic information
and so no genetic variation in the offspring.
These genetically identical individuals are
known as clones.

strawberries

DNA 1
DNA = Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid
Chromosomes are made up of large
molecules of DNA.
DNA contains the coded information
that determines inherited
characteristics.

DNA 2
A gene is a small section of DNA.
Each gene codes for a particular combination
of amino acids, to make a specific protein.
DNA = 2 long strands twisted together to
form a DOUBLE HELIX.
This is made of 4 units called BASES

DNA 3
A sequence of three bases is the
code for a particular amino acid.
The order of bases controls the order
in which amino acids are assembled
to produce a particular protein.

Genetic Disorders

Genetic Disorders
Some disorders are inherited.
Ie the gene for the disorder maybe in
your family
It could be autosomal dominant or
recessive

POLYDACTYLY
Gene that codes for extra toes or
fingers
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
ONLY NEED ONE PARENT TO HAVE
THE DISEASE AND IT WILL BE
PASSED ON

Autosomal Dominant

Cystic fibrosis
Disorder of cell membrane produces thick
sticky sputum and bad chest infections
Autosomal Recessive
Therefore both parents must have it to pass it
on
Parents can be carriers but not actually have
the disorder

Both parents = carriers

One parent = carrier