EXCRETORY

SYSTEM
GROUP 4 BIOLOGY

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The disposal of certain metabolic wastes and the
regulation of salts and fluids in the cellular
environment.
In this process, excess heat from the body is
removed to keep the body temperature constant.
Includes LUNGS, KIDNEY, LIVER and SKIN.

ROLE OF LIVER IN EXCRETION

Purifies and detoxifies the blood.
Overloading the liver with harmful
substances, like alcohol, can lead to a
disease called cirrhosis where the liver
becomes overgrown with excess tissues,
resulting to death.

EXCRETION OF BILE

FORMATION OF UREA

FORMATION OF UREA

THE URINARY SYSTEM

The two kidneys are the organs that process the fluids
that are carried by the blood into urine, which is a cellfree filtrate of blood in which some solutes are added
and from which other solutes are removed.
Urine passes from kidneys through a tube called ureter
to the urinary bladder where it is stored.
During urination, the stored urine travels from the
bladder to the outside of the body through urethra.

STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS

STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS

The kidney has two distinct regions and a major
cavity.
The outer part is the CORTEX*
The middle portion is the MEDULLA
The inner region is the PELVIS

STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS

Bowmans Capsule*
Henle*- a long loop, which extends into the
medulla
Blood enters the kidneys through the renal
arteries and leaves the kidneys through the
renal veins
Each nephron has one arteriole that carries

STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEYS

The arteriole branches from the capillaries that
make up the glomerulus
The arteriole subdivides into a second capillary
network that surrounds the renal tubule, then
the capillaries merge
*There are two sets of capillaries rather than
one, between the arteries and the veins.

URINE FORMATION
Urine is processed through the nephrons in three
stages:
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
It is important to realize that during the first stage,
filtration both useful substances and wastes are
removed from the blood.
FILTRATION
- takes place in the glomeruli and Bowmans capsule.
- the pressure forces the filtrate, which includes
water, urea, glucose, amino acids, and various salts
but does not contain protein.

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
The kidneys process about 180 liters of filtrate in a
24 hour period.
However, only 1 to 1.5 liters or 1,000-1,500 ml. of
urine are actually removed by the kidneys in 24
hours.
If all the filtrate that is processed were excreted, the
body would lose too much water along with
important nutrients and salts dissolved in the water.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION
In the second stage, which is reabsorption, some of the
useful substances reenter the blood to be used by the
body.
After the filtrate has left the Bowmans capsule,
reabsorption occurs in the renal tubule.
It is the process of reabsorption that reduces the
volume of filtrate and returns important substances to
the blood.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Normally, as the filtrate passes through the
renal tubules of the nephrons, about 99 percent
of the water, all of the glucose and amino
acids, and many of the salts are reabsorbed.
While water is reabsorbed by osmosis, glucose,
amino acids, and salts need active transport to
be reabsorbed.

TUBULAR REABSORPTION
ATP, the energy for active transport, is supplied by the
many mitochondria found in the cells of the renal
tubules.
The tubules are lined with microvilli that greatly
increase the surface area through which reabsorption
can occur.
The large area allows the reabsorption of huge amounts
of water and other substances.

COMPOSITION OF URINE
Water

95%

Solids

5%

Nitrogenous Wastes

35grams

Urea

30grams

Creatinine

1-2grams

Ammonia

1-2grams

Uric Acid

1gram

Inorganic Salts

25grams

Positive Ions

Negative Ions

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Phosphates

Magnesium

Sulfates

Calcium

TUBULAR SECRETION
Urine consists of water, nitrogenous wastes and salts.
Sometimes, substances crystallize out of the urine in
the urinary tract or kidney. These are called KIDNEY
STONES.
If the stones are too big to be passed with the urine,
they must be surgically removed or shattered into
small pieces with sound waves or lasers.

TUBULAR SECRETION
If one kidney stops working, the second
kidney can take over its work.
If both kidneys fail however, excess fluid and
wastes build up rapidly in the body, which
can lead to death.
Dialysis

ALBIS, LOUISE
ALCEDO, KAILYN
CAPUYON, CINDY
GARCIA, LOUELLA
HIDALGO, MELODY
MARTORILLAS,
SAMUEL
TAKAHASHI, MIYUKI
GROUP 4 BIOLOGY
EXCRETORY SYSTEM