PELATNAS INTERNATIONAL EARTH SCIENCE OLYMPICS (IESO) 2010

Dr. Lucas Donny Setijadji

Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta, 04 November 2009

Metamorphism
Metamorphism is the solid-state transformation

of pre-existing rock into texturally or

mineralogically distinct new rock as the result of
high temperature, high pressure, or both.

Metamorphic rocks are produced by

transformation of:
Sedimentary and Igneous rocks, and by the
further alteration of other metamorphic
rocks

Sedimentary
rock

0 km

Metamorphic
rock
Igneous
rock

Sediment

Increasing depth
and temperature

10 km
~200C

50 km
~800C

Sedimentary
rock
Metamorphism

Melting

Metamorphism
occurs
between
about 10
and 50
km of
depth
The rocks dont melt

Metamorphism
Metamorphism progresses from low to high grades
Rocks remain solid during metamorphism
Metamorphism occurs above 50km melting depth for

felsic minerals

What causes metamorphism?

1. Heat
Most

important agent
Heat drives recrystallization - creates new,
stable minerals
Increasing Heat with Depth

Temperature Increase with

Depth
Geothermal Gradient due to:
Radioactive Isotopes
Intruding Magma
Friction Between Moving Bodies of Rock

What causes metamorphism?

2. Pressure (stress)
Increases with depth
Pressure can be applied equally in all
directions or differentially
All Directions = Confining Pressure
also called lithostatic pressure
Differential = Directed Pressure

Confining pressure lithostatic

(due to burial)

(Convergent Margin)

Confining Pressure

Directed Pressure

Directed Pressure causes rocks to become folded, and minerals

to reorient perpendicular to the stress: foliation

Source: Kenneth Murray/Photo Researchers Inc.

Foliation
Minerals Recrystallize Perpendicular

to the Directed Pressure

If the minerals are flat, such as sheet-

like Micas, their parallel orientation

gives a layered look; layering
unrelated to the original bedding in
the parent rock.

Main factors affecting

metamorphism
3. Parent rock
Metamorphic

rocks typically have the same

chemical composition as the rock they were
formed from.

Different

atoms.

minerals, but made of the same

Types of Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism due heat from adjacent rocks
> Hydrothermal metamorphism chemical alterations from hot, ionrich water (metasomatism)
Regional metamorphism -- Occurs in the cores of mountain belts and
subduction zones (Converging Margins) . Makes great volumes of
metamorphic rock. Includes:

Burial

Metamorphism e.g. Burial of sediments deeper

than 10 km non-foliated
Dynamothermal Metamorphism Directed pressure in
Plate Tectonic Processes - foliated

Dynamic metamorphism: Rock deformation associated with fault

zones

1. Contact
Metamorphism
Baking due to nearby Magma
Effect strongest in rocks in immediate

contact

Producedmostlybylocalheatsource

Contact Metamorphism:
The main metamorphic agent is heat.

Contact Metamorphism
Metamorphic
Aureole

Hydrothermal
Metamorphism
Due circulation of water near Magma
Important at mid-ocean ridge

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

2. Regional Metamorhism
Most metamorphism occurs along

convergent plate boundaries

Example 1: Continent-Continent Collisions
Compressional stresses deforms plate edge
Continents Collide
Major Folded Mountain Belts: Alps, Himalayas,
and Appalachian Mts.

Dynamothermal Metamorphism,
Before collision

Sediments are unconsolidated. They will fold if pushed.

Dynamothermal Metamorphism,
After continental collision

Felsic continental materials and sediments are buoyant, they have low density
They float, cannot be subducted, so they get squashed.

2. Regional Metamorphism
(continued)
Most metamorphism occurs along convergent plate

boundaries
Example

2: In Subduction Zones

MetamorphisminaSubductionZone

High-temperature/low-pressure
metamorphism

Oceanic sediments

CONTINENTAL
CRUST

Basalt

Low-temperature/
high-pressure
metamorphism

Hightemperature/
highpressure
metamorphism

3. Dynamic metamorphism

Mylonite from shear zone in Appalachians

Dynamic metamorphism:
Rock deformation associated with fault zones

Metamorphic Grade and

Index Minerals

Certain minerals, called index

minerals, are good indicators of
the metamorphic conditions in which
they form

Note
Temperature
gradient

IndexMineralsinmetamorphicrocks

580oC

220oC

460oC

690oC

Note Quartz and Feldspar are not index minerals: Why?

CANADA

New England
Dynamothermal
Metamorphism

7_21
MAINE

ADA
CAN .A.
U.S

Augusta

Montpelier

NEW
VERMONT HAMPSHIRE

Concord

Boston

Albany
NEW YORK

MASSACHUSETTS

Hartford

Binghamton

R.I.

CONNECTICUT

PENNSYLVANIA
Scranton
NEW
JERSEY

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

ft

l
va l

ey

Providence

Low
grade

Long Medium
Island grade
Newark
High grade

Unmetamorphosed
Chlorite/muscovite zone
Biotite zone
Garnet zone
Staurolite zone
Sillimanite zone

Increasing pressure and temperature

DIAGENESIS

LOW GRADE

HIGH GRADE
INTERMEDIATE GRADE
Chlorite and muscovite
Biotite
Garnet
Staurolite

MELTING

Sillimanite

Metamorphic grade or Facies

A group

of minerals that form in a particular P-T

environment

Can

be used to deduce T-P conditions of

formation

Metamorphic Facies and

Grade
B

MetamorphicEnvironmentsinSubductionZones

We can look at minerals in Metamorphic Rocks

and determine where they formed.

Water facilitates metamorphic reactions by allowing movement of atoms and ions

GreenschistHandSample

GreenschistThinSection
Chl-Ep

Mica
Schist

Blueschistglaucophane

Amphibolite

Classification of metamorphic
rocks

Nonfoliated rocks
Quartzite
Formed

from a parent rock of quartz-rich sandstone

Quartz grains are fused together
Forms in intermediate T, P conditions

Sampleof
quartzite

Thinsection
ofquartzite

Flatteningofquartzgrainsinquartzite

Nonfoliated rocks (cont.)

Marble
Coarse,

crystalline
Parent rock usually limestone
Composed of calcite crystals
Fabric can be random or oriented

Marble(nonfoliated)

 Foliated rocks
Type formed depends on metamorphic grade
Grade depends on depth

Mudstones are sediments, can be squashed by burial and/or in continent-continent collisions

Changeinmetamorphicgradewithdepth

Increasing Directed Pressure and increasing Temps

Foliated rocks
Slate
Very

fine-grained
Excellent rock cleavage, often perp. to
original
Made by low-grade metamorphism of
shale

Exampleofslate

Foliated rocks
Phyllite
Grade

of metamorphism between slate and

schist
Made of small platy minerals
Glossy sheen with rock cleavage
Composed mainly of muscovite and/or
chlorite

Foliated rocks
Schist
Medium-

to coarse-grained
Comprised of platy minerals (micas)
The term schist describes the texture
To indicate composition, mineral names
are used (such as mica schist)

 Foliated rocks

Gneiss

Medium-

to coarse-grained
Banded appearance
High-grade metamorphism
Composed of light-colored feldspar
layers with bands of dark mafic
minerals

What are metamorphic

textures?
Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement

of mineral grains within a rock

Foliation planar arrangement of mineral grains

within a rock

Outcropoffoliatedgneiss

Metamorphic textures
Foliation
Foliation

can form in various ways:

Rotation of platy or elongated minerals
Recrystallization of minerals in a preferred
orientation
Changing the shape of equidimensional
grains into elongated and aligned shapes

Migmatites- When Partial

Melting Starts

Heat the rock, when the minerals with the

lowest melting points (Qtz, Feldspar) at that

pressure melt then recrystallize, we get separate
bands of Metamorphic and Igneous rock

 Building stones: marble

Gemstone: jade, garnet
Metallic deposits due to contact
metamorphism: skarn deposits
Metallic deposits due to regional
metamorphism

Mineralization associated with

tectonic settings

Tectonic Controls on Global Gold Resources

Fluid Flow Environments & Au

Indonesian Metallic Mineral

Deposits
(Modified from Carlile and Mitchell, 1994)

Ore Deposits Classification (Corbett and Leach, 1998)

Main Skarn
Deposits in
Indonesia:
Ertsberg District
in Papua
(Mertig et al., 1994)

Main Skarn
Deposits in
Indonesia:
Ertsberg District
in Papua
(Mertig et al., 1994)

Other Skarn Deposits in

Indonesia
Zn-Pb-Ag skarn associated with Late Mesozoic-Early

Tertiary I-type granitic batholith in Kalimantan (e.g.

Riam Kusik, Ruwai)
Fe skarn associated with Late Mesozoic-Early Tertiary
I-type granitic batholith in Kalimantan, Sumatra and
Tin islands (e.g. Ruwai, Batubesi in Belitung)
Sn skarn associated with Mesozoic S-type granites in
Tin islands and Sumatra
Zn-Pb-Ag skarn associated with Tertiary dykes and
stocks in Java and Sumatra (e.g. Kasihan in East
Java)