Chapter 2 Body Coordination

Examples of activities coordinated by two system

Nervous system
Memory and thinking
Speech

Endocrine system
Growth and reproduction
Secondary sexual
development

Vision

Control of blood osmotic

pressure

Voluntary and involuntary Control of blood sugar

actions
level

Human Nervous Syatem

Central Nervous System

1) The central nervous system is the control centre of the
body.
2) This system consists of the
(a) Brain
(b) spinal cord
3) The brain controls all activities of the body, like walking
and seeing.
4) The spinal cord controls the reflex actions like pulling
the hand away when the fingers touch a hot object.
5) The central nervous system receives impulses from the
sensory organs or other parts of the body for
interpretation.
6) After an impulse is interpreted, a new impulses is
transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the
stimuli.

Peripheral nervous system

What is a neurone?
1) A neurone(nerve cell) is a basic unit of the nervous system.
2) The function of neurone is to carry impulses.

Functions of Neurone parts

Types of neurone
1) There are 3 types of neurone:
(a) sensory neurone
(b) relay neurone (intermediate neurone)
(c) motor neurone

 The end of neurone is separated by a minute

space called synapse.
Synapses allow impulses to be transmitted in one
direction only.
A synapse is a small gap between the end of
neurone and the beginning of the another neurone.

Nervous Coordination: Receptors and Effectors

Nervous coordination

Reflex actions
1) Reflex actions are automatic and fast response of
the body towards external stimuli without the
involment of thinking or the cerebrum.
2) Reflex actions take place in the spinal cord.
3) Such actions protect us from dangerous situations
or injuries.
4) The path of reflex action is called a reflex arc.
impulse
5) Receptors/Sensory organs
Sensory
neurones impulse Synapses impulse Relay
neurone impulse Synapses impulse Motor neurone
impulse
Effectors/Muscles

Reflex Action

Proprioceptors in Maintaining Balance and

Body Coordination
Kinaesthetic senses enables us to be aware of the
movement and position of the limbs to maintain
balance.
Kinaesthetic senses enable us to detect body
movements and allow us to button our shirt even with
our eyes closed
Kinaesthetic sensory receptor is found in muscles,
joints, ligaments and tendons. Such a receptor is
called proprioreceptor.
Proprioreceptors function to maintain body balance,
body posture and coordinate the activity of muscle.

Proprioceptors in Maintaining Balance and

Body Coordination
What are proprioceptors?

 Example of activities which are helped by

kinaaesthetic senses are:
(a) playing the piano
(b) wearing shirt
(c) clapping hand
(d) climbing up the staircase

The Human Brain and its Complexity