Dr.

Alvin Fox

Key Words
Prokaryotic
Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Archaebacteria (Archaea)
Eukaryotic
Plasmid
Chromosome
Ribosome
Peptidoglycan (murein, mucopeptide)
Gram stain
Gram negative
Gram positive
Cell envelope
Cell membrane
Cell wall

Outer membrane
Periplasmic space
Oxidative phosphorylation
Spheroplast/protoplast
Flagella
Chemotaxis
Axial filament
Periplasmic binding protein
Permeases
Storage Granules
Pili (fimbriae)
Capsule (slime layer, glycocalyx)
Endospore (spore)
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EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES

BACTERIA ARCHAEA
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Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
Eubacter "True" bacteria

human pathogens
clinical or environmental
one kingdom

Archaea
Environmental organisms
second kingdom
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Eukaryotes
Other cell-based life e.g.
plants
animals
fungi

Prokaryotic Cell (versus Eukaryotic

Cell)

Not compartmentalized
Cell membranes lack sterols (e.g. cholesterol)
Single circular chromosome
Ribosomes
- 70S

- subunits

30S (16S rRNA)

50S (5S & 23S rRNA)

Bacteria versus
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
peptidoglycan (murein)
muramic acid
Archaebacteria
pseudomurein
no muramic acid

Bacteria versus
Archaebacteria
16S rRNA
sequence different

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell
Gram +
Flagellum

(e.g. animal)
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus

Cell membrane

Nucleoid

Cell wall

Gram Pili

Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

Capsule

Granule

Cell (inner) membrane

Outer membrane
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Ribosomes
Cell wall

Bacteria

Plasmids

Extra-chromosomal DNA
multiple copy number
coding
- pathogenesis factors
- antibiotic resistance factors

bacterial replication

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The Cell Envelope

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

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Oxidative phosphorylation occurs at cell membrane

(since there are no mitochondria).

Cell Wall

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

The cell wall is outside of cell membrane

rigid, protecting cell from osmotic lysis.

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GRAM POSITIVE
Lipoteichoic acid

Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm

GRAM NEGATIVE
Periplasmic space

Porin

Outer Membrane

Lipopolysaccharide

Braun lipoprotein

Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane

Cytoplasm

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Outer Membrane

Gram negative bacteria

major permeability barrier
space between inner and outer membrane
periplasmic space
store degradative enzymes
Gram positive bacteria
no periplasmic space
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GRAM NEGATIVE
CELL ENVELOPE
Outer Membrane
(Major permeability barrier)

Porin

Lipopolysaccharide

Braun lipoprotein

Periplasmic space
Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane

Degradative enzyme
Periplasmic binding protein

Cytoplasm

Permease

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GRAM POSITIVE
CELL ENVELOPE
Degradative enzyme

Lipoteichoic acid

Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid

Cytoplasmic membrane

Cytoplasm

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FLAGELLA

Some bacteria are motile

Locomotory organelles- flagella
Taste environment
Respond to food/poison
chemotaxis
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 Flagella
embedded in cell membrane
project as strand
Flagellin (protein) subunits
move cell by propeller like action

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Axial filaments
spirochetes
similar function to flagella
run lengthwise along cell
snake-like movement

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Making Wall-less Forms

Result from action of:

enzymes lytic for cell wall
antibiotics inhibiting peptidoglycan biosynthesis

Usually non-viable

Wall-less bacteria that dont replicate:

spheroplasts (with outer membrane)
protoplasts (no outer membrane).

Wall-less bacteria that replicate

L forms
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Naturally Wall-less Genus

Mycoplasma

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Pili (fimbriae)
hair-like projections of the cell
sexual conjugation
adhesion to host epithelium

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Capsules and slime layers

outside cell envelope

well defined: capsule
not defined: slime layer or glycocalyx
usually polysaccharide
often lost during in vitro culture
protective in vivo

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Endospores (spores)

Dormant cell
Produced when starved
Resistant to adverse conditions
- high temperatures
- organic solvents
contain calcium dipicolinate
Bacillus and Clostridium
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