Basic Aerodynamics

Basic Aircraft Maintenance Airfame Powerplant

Module 8.3 Theory of

Flight

Introduction & Flaps

Muhammad Surya Wijaya
Slats & Leading Edge Slots
Muhammad Zakky Cahaya Herta
The boundary Layer ; Slat & Slotted Flap
Combination
Ilham Setiadi

Lift Augmentation

Wed, may 11th 2016

Basic Aerodynamics

Introduction
High lift devices are incorporated on aircraft wings to reduce the
distance required for take-off and landing. The distance used by an
aircraft either to take off or lands depends on the speed involved,
and this speed in its turn is related to the stalling speed of the
aircraft. An aircraft cannot approach to land at a speed below its
stalling speed, therefore the higher the higher the stalling speed the
longer the distance required to complete the landing run. The same
applies for take-off, the aircraft not being able to leave the ground
until it has achieved flying speed, i.e. Above the stalling speed,
therefore the lower the stalling speed under these circumstances
the less distance is required. All high lift devices produce the same
effect, which is to increase the coefficient of lift of the wing.
Lift Augmentation
introduction

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Hubungan Cl dan Vstall

Airplane that flies on Clmax means airplane flies on Stallspeed(VSTALL), in mathematics :

Vstall

2W
C L max S

Stallspeed is the speed where airplane fly on Clmax value, so the airplane speed still safe
to fly without stall base on the equation, more high CLmax make VSTALL smaller.

Lift Augmentation
introduction

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

The methods used for increasing the Cl are :

Flaps

Lift Augmentation
introduction

Boudary layer
control

Slats

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Flaps
Flapsare a type ofhigh-lift deviceused to increase the lift of an aircraftwing. Flaps are usually mounted on the wing trailing edges of
afixed-wing aircraft. Flaps are used to lower the minimum speed at which the aircraft can be safely flown, and to increase the angle of
descent for landing. Flaps also cause an increase indrag, so they are retracted when not needed.
Extending the wing flaps increases thecamberor curvature of the wing, raising the maximumlift coefficientor the upper limit to the lift
a wing can generate. This allows the aircraft to generate the required lift at a lower speed, reducing thestalling speedof the aircraft, and
therefore also the minimum speed at which the aircraft will safely maintain flight. The increase in camber also increases the wingdrag,
which can be beneficial during approach and landing, because it slows the aircraft. On some aircraft, a useful side effect of flap
deployment is a decrease in aircraft pitch angle which lowers the nose thereby improving the pilot's view of the runway over the nose of
the aircraft during landing. However the flaps may also causepitch-updepending on the type of flap and the location of the wing.

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Flaps

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

How the flap works when takeoff and landing

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Flaps

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Result of flap testing ( Split

Flap )
Graphic CL versus

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Flaps

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Result of flap testing ( Split

Flap )
Graphic CD versus

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Flaps

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

1. Plain Flaps
The rear portion of airfoil rotates
downwards on a simple hinge
mounted at the front of the flap. This
type is commonly used in small
airplane.

Lift Augmentation
Types of Flap

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

2. Split flap
The rear portion of the lower surface of the
airfoil hinges downwards from the leading edge
of the flap, while the upper surface stays
immobile.This can cause large changes in
longitudinal trim, pitching the nose either
down or up. At full deflection, a split flaps acts
much like a spoiler, adding significantly to drag
coefficient. It also adds a little to lift coefficient.
It was invented byOrville Wrightand James M.
H. Jacobs in 1920, but only became common in
the 1930s and was then quickly superseded.
TheDouglas DC-1(progenitor to the DC-3 and
C-47) was one of the first of many aircraft
types to use split flaps.

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Types of Flap

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

3. Slotted Flap
One of the problem with flaps in general is
that at large flap angles the air tends to
separate away from the flap upper surface,
thus reducing its effectiveness. This can be
minimized by putting a small slot between
the trailing edge of the flap, as illustrated
below. The slot produces a venturi which
speeds the air up, thus giving it more
kinetic energy and enabling it to follow the
contour of the flap farther rearwards before
breaking away. The slotted flap was a
result of research atHandley-Page, a
variant of the slot that dates from the
1920s

Lift Augmentation
Types of Flap

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

4. Fowler flap
A split flap that slides backwards, before
hinging downward, thereby increasing first
chord, then camber. The flap may form part of
the upper surface of the wing, like a split flap,
but it must slide rearward before lowering.
Invented byHarlan D. Fowlerin 1924, and
tested byFred WeickatNACAin 1932. They
were first used on theMartin 146prototype in
1935, and in production on the 1937
Lockheed Electra, and are still in widespread
use on modern aircraft, often with multiple
slots. It is quite usual for fowler flaps to have
slats.

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Types of Flap

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

5. Krueger Flap
Krueger flaps Unlike slats or drooped
leading edges, the main wing upper
surface and its nose is not changed.
Instead, a portion of the lower wing is
rotated out in front of the main wing
leading edge. Krger flaps were
invented byWerner Krgerin 1943
and evaluated in the wind tunnels in
Gttingen, Germany

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Types of Flap

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Leading Edge Drop

in this system the entire leading
edge of the wing is mechanically
lowered, as shown below. This has the
effect of increasing the leading edge
chamber. As can imagined, the
mechanism for lowering the leading
edge must be extremely complicated,
and this type of high lift device has
not found general favour.

Lift Augmentation
Leading Edge drop

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Flight control overview

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Leading Edge drop

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Slats

Leading Edge Slots

LIFT AUGMENTATION

Basic Aerodynamics

SLATS

Movable

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slat

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

How Do Slats Work ?

Lift Augmentation

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

When the airfoil is at a high angle of attack, the

stagnation point moves below the leading edge and behind

the slat. Air flowing up and over the wing pushes the slat
open.

Automa
tic
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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Types of Slats
( a ) Fixed Slats

( b ) Controlled slats

( c ) Automatics Slat

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slat

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Fixed Slats
Slats that made permanently
mounted transversely
lengthwise. It is sometimes
used at low air speeds and low
light (this is referred to as
slots) that prefers simplicity
rather than speed.

Lift Augmentation
Ty p e s o f

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Controlled Slats

The slat that can be

controlled by the pilot.
This is commonly used on
airliners.

Lift Augmentation
Ty p e s o f

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Automatics Slats

Almost as much as Controlled slat,

but Automatics slat moves
automatically by pressure air flow,
and the aerodynamic forces that
make the slats move upwards or
downwards. In this case, the
stagnation point moves to the bottom
of the plane

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Ty p e s o f

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

LEADING EDGE SLOT

Unmova
ble

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Leading

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Light aircraft

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Leading

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Light aircraft

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Leading

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Lift Augmentation
Leading

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Conclusion Slat and Slot :

Slat and Slot , basically have the
same purpose . But, Slats can
(Movable), and Slots are
(Fixed/Permanent) .
In the light Aircrafts, fixed slat is
enough, which provide a slot for
airflow.
A number of Airlines use movable
slot, ini which case, the system is
called slat. because slats can provide
more high lift
Lift Augmentation
Conclusion

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

Lift Augmentation

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The boundary layer

slat and slotted flap combination

LIFT AUGMENTATION

Basic Aerodynamics

The Boundary Layer

Theboundary layeris a very thin layer ofairflowing over the
surface of anaircraft wing, orairfoil, (as well as other surfaces of
theaircraft).
And it usually exist in two forms laminar and turbulent
It may be seen that the rate of change of velocity is greater at the
surface in the turbulent flow than in the laminar. This higher rate of
change of velocity results in greater surface friction drag

Lift Augmentation
Boundary Layer

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

As the air moves backwards, it will be slower due to friction drag and
will turn out to be turbulent, this is called a turbulent flow region
(turbulent flow region)
The point at which a change from laminar flow to turbulent called
point transition

Lift Augmentation
The boundary layer

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

preview

Lift Augmentation
The boundary layer

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

Boundary layer is a controlling factor in the

determinatination of surface friction drag, and also
determines:
1. The maximum lift coefficient
2. The stalling characteristics of a wing
3. The value of form drag
4. The high speed characteristics of anaircraft

Lift Augmentation
The boundary layer

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics
Though some measure of control of it may be afforded by wing devices,
one already dealt with being LE slots, which have the effect of re
energizing the boundary layer, others :
Boundary layer fences to restrict the boundary layer outflow. They also
check the spanwise growth of the separation bubble along the leading
edges
Boundary layer suction; suitably place suction points draw off the
weakened layer so that a new high energy layer can take its place
Boundary layer blowing; high velocity air injected into the boundary
layer to increase its energy
Vortex generators; these re-energise the boundary layer, and are usually
positioned ahead of control surfaces
LE extension, also known as a sawtooth LE restricts the outward flow
of the boundary layer
LE notch has the same effect as LE extension
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The boundary layer

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

Slat and Slotted Flap

Combination
The combination shown on the
beside will provide a 75%
increase of maximum lift with a
basic airfoil angle at max lift of
25%. This will provide more
control of the boundary layer with
an increase of camber and wing
area. The pitching moment that a
trailing edge flap will produce its
own, can be neutralized.

Lift Augmentation
Slat and slotted flap

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

Slat and Slotted Flap

Combination

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Slat and slotted flap

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

Slat and Slotted Flap

Combination

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Slat and slotted flap

Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

Question
1. Flap shown with number . . .
a) 6
b) 9 dan 10
c) 3
d) 7 dan 8

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Leading Edge drop

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

2. Based on Vstall equation, relation

between Vstall and Cl . . .
a) Vstall directly proportional with Cl
b) Vstall inversely proportional with Cl
c) Vstall inversely proportional with
square root of Cl

V stall

2W
C L max S

d) Vstall directly proportional with

square root of Cl

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Leading Edge drop

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

3. Types of flap that commonly use in

small airplane is . . .
a) Plain flap
b) Slotted flap
c) Krueger flap
d) Split flap

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Leading Edge slat

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Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Question
s is part of
1. The following
secondary flight control,
except...
a. Spoiler
b. Trailing edge Flap
c. Leading edge Slat
d. Elevator

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

2. The function of the Slats is ...

a. tohelp increase the
aircraft's lift
b. balance of the aircrafts
c. Flashlight of the aircrafts
d. to help the acceleration of
the aircrafts

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

3. What will happen to the automatic

slats when the airfoil is in a high
angle of attack ?
a. Slat Close
b. Slat Open
c. Nothing happen on slat
d. Slat Separate from wing

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Muhammad zakky Cahaya Herta

Basic Aerodynamics

question
1. The point at which a change from laminar flow to turbulent called . .
.
a. Changing point
b. Nominal layer boundary limit
c. Transition point
d. Boundary layer

Answer : C
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Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

question
2. Boundary layer is formed near the surface of a wing of aircraft due
to . . .
a. Viscousity and friction drag
b. Friction drag and density
c. Surface tension and viscousity
d. Friction drag and pressure variation

Answer : a
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Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

question
3. Slat and slotted flap combination can increase . . . From Angle of
attack
a. 25%
b. 30%
c. 75%
d. 10%

Answer : c
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Wed, may 11th 2016

Ilham Setiadi

Basic Aerodynamics

thanks

Lift Augmentation

Wed, may 11th 2016

Muhammad Surya Wijaya

Basic Aerodynamics

Terima kasih
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Ilham Setiadi