Specialized Cells :

Plant
tissues
are
divided into two main
type ie meristematic
tissues and permanent
tissues.
Meristematic
tissues
comprises of young and
actively dividing cells.
These cells have not
undergone
differentiation.

Specialized Cells :
Permanent tissues comprise more matured cells
that are either undergoing or have already
undergone differentiation.
Once these cells differentiated, they no longer
capable of dividing.
Two types of permanent tissues : Simple and
Complex Tissues.

Surface Tissues

Plant Surface Tissues:

Dermal tissue
Consisting primarily of epidermal cells, dermal
tissue covers the entire surface of a plant.
It is the outermost layer of cells in plants
which formed the protective tissue for leaves,
flowers, fruits, seeds, stems and roots.
In roots, dermal tissue includes the root hair
cells that help to absorb water.

Surface Tissues
Ground Tissues

Plant Ground Tissues:

This tissue type makes up most of a plants
body and contains three types of cells:
Parenchyma cells are the most common
ground tissue cells.
They perform many basic plant cell
functions,
including
storage,
photosynthesis, and secretion.

 The
cell
membranes
composing the tissues
are thin.
Parenchyma cells are
alive cells, there is a
big
vacuole
which
contains alternative food
substance.
Parenchyma
cells
is
generally polygonal.
Spaces between cells
enable the exchange or
circulation
of
any
substances or gases.

Plant Ground Tissues:

This tissue type makes up most of a plants
body and contains three types of cells:
Collenchyma cells thicken their cell walls
with extra cellulose to help support the
plant.
Collenchyma is made of elongated, living
cells that accumulate cellulose and pectin
in some regions of the cell wall, giving
them an unequal thickness and thus
providing flexibility.

 Collenchyma
is
a
homogenous
tissue,
consisting of one kind of
cell, the primary cell
wall is thickened by
pectin, cellulose, and
hemicellulose but without
lignin.
On
the
cell
wall,
collenchyma experience
local thickening, not at
the whole cell wall.

Plant Ground Tissues:

This tissue type makes up most of a plants
body and contains three types of cells:
Sclerenchyma cells are similar to
collenchyma cells, but their walls are
even thicker and reinforced with lignin,
a tough molecule found in wood.
The cell walls of sclerenchyma cells are
so
thick,
in
fact,
that
mature
sclerenchyma cells die because they
cant get food or water across their
walls via osmosis.

 Sclerenchyma is located
in the organs of plants
that no longer grow and
develop.
This enables the organs
to defend in dealing with
any stresses and forces
without affecting tissue
cells, which are weaker.
Sclerenchyma cells are
dead.
The
cell
wall
gets
thicker and consist of
lignin substances.

Vascular Tissues

Describe the structure, distribution and

functions of each of the following tissues :
a)Endodermis b)Xylem c)Phloem d)Epithelial e)Connective f)Muscle g)Nervous -

Meristematic tissues
One type of cell
More than one type of
cells.
Comprise embryo-like
cells that have not
differentiated and still
have potential to
divide.

The cells are small,

thin-walled,rich with
compact cytoplasm and
very small vocuole.

In young plant which is

still developing, cell
division is limited to
specific zones where
the tissues have not

Large nuclei in
comparison to the cell
volume.
The cells arrangement

Meristematic
-Meristematic tissues
found at growing root and
shoot tips are called apical
meristem.
-Apical meristems are
responsible for the growth
of plants.
-Meristematic tissues can
also be found in peripheral
areas of stems and roots.
-These meristematic

tissues
-These tissues are
responsible for the
increase in the girth
of plants.

The young stem

comprises an
epidermis layer
that envelops the
living ground
tissues (cortex and
pith).
Between the
cortex and pith are
the vascular
bundles that
consist of xylem
and phloem.

The cambium
starts to divide
and produce
secondary xylem
and secondary
phloem.
This gives enough
support to the
growing plant.
The cork cambium
divides to produce
a more complex
protective sheath
called cork.

When the
growth
continues, the
outer layer
progressively
undergoes
stress until the
epidermis
breaks.

Plant ground tissues:

Characteristics of the sclerenchyma cells :
(v)The thick walls are very hard and
impermeable to water.
(vi)Two types of sclerenchyma cells ; (a) fibres
and (b) sclereids.
Fibre is hard and strong but flexible; eg. flax
and hem.

Plant ground tissues:

Endodermis is a layer of cells that surrounds
the vascular cylinders in roots and stems.
Characteristics of the endodermis cells :
(i)The cells are arranged in one layer and are
tightly packed so that there are no spaces
between cells.
(ii)Each cell has a Casparian strip.

Plant vascular tissues:

Two main types of vascular tissue Xylem and
Phloem.
Xylem and Phloem are categorized as complex
tissues because they contain more than one
type of cell.

Plant vascular tissues:

Xylem :
Vascular tissue that functions in transporting
water and dissolved mineral salts from the
roots to the upper parts of the plant.
Xylem comprises four types of cells
tracheids, vessel elements, xylem fibres
(sclerenchyma) and xylem parenchyma.
Tracheids and vessel elements die upon
maturity and their walls are thickened with
lignin deposits.

Plant vascular tissues:

Xylem :
Both these cells have simple pits and bordered
pits.
In term of shape, tracheids are longer but
have a small diameter compared to vessels.
A xylem vessel looks like a long tube made up
of many vessel elements joined together endto-end.
In term of water transport efficiency, vessels
are more efficient compared to tracheids.

Plant vascular tissues:

Xylem :
Flowering plants have both vessels and
tracheids while other plants only have
tracheids.
Primary xylem comprises protoxylem and
secondary xylem.
Secondary xylem is made up of tracheids and
vessels with secondary wall deposits. Xylem
with secondary thickening is stiff and cannot
be flexed.

Plant vascular tissues:

Phloem :
Specialized to transport organic substances
such as carbohydrates and amino acids.
Phloem is a complex tissue which comprises four
types of cells (a) Sieve tube, (b) companion
cell, (c) phloem parenchyma and (d) phloem
fibre.
Sieve tube is a long tube-like structure formed
from long cells arranged from end-to-end.

Plant vascular tissues:

Phloem :
The end wall of each cell is perforated to form
a sieve plate.
The pores of the sieve plate are penetrated by
cytoplasmic strands called plasmodesma.
There are two types of sieve plate ; end sieve
plate and lateral sieve plate.
The companion cell is a parenchyma cell closely
associated with sieve tube. It plays an
important role in controlling the movement of
food into and out of the sieve tube.

Animal cells specialization:

Animal cells are classified into four types
based on four fundamental tissue ;
(a) epithelial (b) nervous (c) muscular and
(d) connective tissues.
Epithelial tissues :
They are covering or glandular cells.
Covering epithelia are layer of cells that cover
the external or internal surfaces of organs.

Characteristics of Covering Epithelia

-Simple epithelium cells -The shape of the
are arranged in single
cells depends on the
layer.
types ; (a) Scalelike called squamous
-Stratified epithelium
cells are arranged in more epithelium, (b)
Cube-like called
than one layer.
-At the bottom, cells are cuboidal epithelium
and (c) Column-like
attached to a thin layer
called
columnar
of fine connective tissues
epithelium.
called the basement
membrane.