s2 =

(xi x)2
(n-1)

Let xi (i=1,2,,.n) be a random sample of size

n from a normal population with mean and
variance 2
Students t is defined by the statistic:

t =

where

x-
s/sqrt(n-1)

s2 =

1 (xi x)2
(n-1)

Compare the calculated value of t with the

tabulated value at certain level of significance
If calculated |t| > tabulated t, null hypothesis is
rejected
If calculated |t| < tabulated t, null hypothesis is
accepted at the level of significance adopted

The mean weekly sales of soap bars department stores was

146.3 bars per store. After an advertising campaign the mean
weekly sales in 22 stores for a typical week increases to 153.7
and showed a standard deviation of 17.2.Was the advertising
campaign successful?
Ho : =146.3, advt. campaign was not successful
Ha : >146.3 , was successful

t =

x-
s/sqrt(n-1)

153.7- 146.3 = 1.97

17.2/sqrt(21)

The tabulated value for 21 df at 5% significant level is 1.72 . Reject Ho

Page no. 16.13 Gupta

s2 =

(xi x)2
(n-1)

The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be

70,67,62,68,61,68,70,64,64,66 inches. Is it reasonable to believe
that the average height is greater than 64 inches? Test at 5%
significance level assuming that for 9 degree of freedom t>1.83.
Ho : =64
Ha : >64

t =

x-
s/sqrt(n-1)

66- 64

=2

3.16/sqrt(9 )

Tabulated value is 1.83. Since 2>1.83 reject Ho

Page no. 16.14 Gupta kapoor

Below are given the gain in weights if farm animals fed on two diets
A and B. Test if the diets differ significantly as regards their effect on
increase in wt. Test at 0.025 significance level assuming that for 25 degree of freedom t>2.06
Diet A : 25,32,30,34,24,14,32,24,30,31,35,25
Diet B : 44,34,22,10,47,31,40,30,32,35,18,21,35,29,22

t =

(x - y)-(1- 2)
s sqrt(1/n1+1/n2)

,where

s2 = 1 [ (xi x )2 + (yi y )2 ]
(n1+n2-2)

Ho: 1= 2, there is no significant difference on the increase in wts..

Ha: 1<> 2 , differ significantly
Degree of freedom = (12+15-2)=25
Page no. 16.18 Gupta kapoor

A certain drug administered to 12 patients resulted in the

following change in their blood pressures
5, 2, 8, -1, 3, 0, -2, 1, 5, 0, 4,6
Can we conclude that the drug increases the blood pressure?
t>1.80

t =

,where d is the increments Xi-Yi

d
s/sqrt(n),where s2 = 1 d 2 (d) 2
(n-1)

Ho: there is no significant difference in BP of patients before and after the drug.
Ha: there is an increase in difference in BP of patients

Page no. 16.21 Gupta kapoor

A measure of the discrepancy existing

between the observed and expected
frequencies is given by
2 = [(oi ei) 2 / ei]
If the total frequency is N then
oi = ei = N
If 2 = 0,the observed and theoretical
frequencies agree exactly
If 2 >0 ,they do not agree exactly
The larger the value of 2 ,the greater is the
discrepancy between the observed and
expected frequencies
Page no. 261 Schaums series

The number of degrees of freedom v, is given

by
v=k-1 if the expected frequencies can be computed
without having to estimate the population parameters
from sample statistics

Expected frequencies are computed on the basis

of a hypothesis Ho
If under the hypothesis the computed value of 2
is greater than some critical value, then the
observed frequencies differ significantly from
the expected frequencies and would reject Ho at
the corresponding level of significance
Otherwise, fail to reject Ho(accept Ho)
This procedure is called the chi-square test of
hypothesis or significance

In 200 tosses of a coin,115 heads and

85 tails were observed. Test the
hypothesis that the coin is fair, using
significance levels of (a) 0.05 2and (b)
= (oi ei) 2
0.01
Ho: coin is fair
ei
Ha: coin is not fair
Degrees of freedom, v=k-1=2-1=1
K=2 since there
Expected
value
Observed
are
two
classes

value

o
heads

100

115

tails

100

85

2 = [(oi ei) 2 / ei] = (115 100)2 / 100 + (85-100)2 /100 =4.50

At 0.05 at 1df critical value is 3.48.Thus reject Ho
At 0.01 at 1 df critical value is 6.63. Thus fail to reject Ho

The observed and expected frequencies in

tossing a die 120 times. Test the hypothesis
that the die is fair, using significance level of
0.05

Die face

O.F

25

17

15

23

24

16

E.F

20

20

20

20

20

20

Ho : die is fair
Ha: die is unfair

K=6 v=k-1=6-1=5
Calculated value is 5.
Critical value for 5 df is 11.1. as 5<11.1 we fail to reject Ho.
Page no. 266 Schaums series

The following table shows the distribution of the

digits 0,1,2,.9 in a random number table of 250
digits. Does the observed distribution differ
significantly from the expected distribution?

(Critical value 21.7at 0.01 significance for df 9)

Digits

O.F

17

31

29

18

14

20

35

30

20

36

E.F

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

Page no. 266 Schaums series

s2= (xi x )2 /n

2 =

2=1.182 , since the calculated

value of 2 is less than the
tabulated value of 23.2 for 10 df
at 0.01 we fail to reject the Ho

(xi x )2 = ns2
2
2

2 =0.1891
0.16

= 1.182

It is believed that the precision of an instrument is

more than 0.16, write down the null hypothesis
and alternate hypothesis for testing this belief.
Carry out the test at 1% level given 11
measurement of the same subject in the
instrument. (given for 10 degrees of freedom at 1% level
of significance the 2 is 23.2
2.
5

2.
3

2.
4

2.
3

2.
5

2.
7

Ho: 2=0.16
Ha: 2>0.16

2.
5

2.
6

2.
6

Mean,

2.
7

2.
5

x=2.51

Page no. 15.25 Gupta Kapoor

Weights of 10 students in kg is given below

38,40,45,53,47,43,55,48,52,49
Can we say that the variance of the normal
distribution from which the above sample is
drawn is 20 kg? (given for 9 degrees of
freedom at 5% level of significance the
value of x2 is 16.99)

Ho: 2=20
Ha: 2>20

In the first table, the observed frequencies occupy a

single row, is called a one-way classification table
The number of columns is k, this is called a 1 X k table
Extend this idea to two-way classification or h X k
tables, in which the observed frequencies occupy h
rows and k columns
Such a table is known as contingency tables
Corresponding to each observed frequency in an h X k
contingency table, there is an expected frequency.
These frequency which occupy the cells of a
contingency table are called cell frequency
The total frequency in each row or column is called the
marginal frequency

Area

votes
A

Total

rural

620

380

1000

urban

550

450

1000

Total

1170

830

2000

Area

votes
A

rural

620

urban

550

Total

1170

a
c

Total

380

1000

450

1000

830

2000

Two sample polls of votes for two candidates A and B

for a public office are taken from rural and urban area.
Examine whether the nature of area is related to
voting preference in the election. Tabulated value of
X2 is 3.841.
Ho: nature of area is independent on the voting preferences
Ha: nature of area is dependant on the voting preferences

N=a+b+c+d=2000

X2 = 10.09

Reject Ho
Page no. 15.33 Gupta Kapoor

Try out example on pg. no. 15.35

Two hundred randomly selected adults were

asked whether TV shows as a whole are primarily
entertaining, educational or a waste of time .The
respondents were categorized by gender. Their
responses are given in the table below:

Opinion

Gender

entertai
ning

educatio
nal

Waste of Total
time

Male

52

28

30

110

Is Female
this evidence
convincing
28
12
50that there
90 is a
relationship
in the
Total
80 between
40 gender
80 and opinion
200
population interest? Critical value=5.99

H0: there is no relationship between gender and opinion

Expected frequencies
Gender

entertaining

educational

Waste of time Total

Male

(80*110)/200
=44

(40*110)/200
=22

(80*110)/200
=44

110

Female

80-44=36

40-22=18

80-44=36

90

Total

80

40

80

200

2 =16.76768