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Pipeline Analysis:
When the ends of the pipe ends are closed and pipe is
subjected to an internal pressure P there are various stresses that
develop in the pipe. Each element of pipe are subjected to the below
mentioned stresses which act in the direction as shown in the fig.1.
Circumferential (hoop) stress SH
Longitudinal Stress SL
Radial Stress SR
The effect of this may split the pipe into two halves as shown in
fig.2. The failure of the pipe in two halves in fact is possible across
any plane, which contains diameter and axis of the pipe. Elements
resisting this type of failure would be subjected to stress and
direction of this stress is along the circumference. Hence the above
stress is called Circumferential or Hoop Stress.
Longitudinal Stress SL :
Considering that the pipe ends are closed and pipe is subjected to an
internal pressure P the pipe may fail as shown in Fig.3.
Elements resisting this type of failure would be subjected to stress
and direction of this stress is parallel to the longitudinal direction of
the pipe. Hence this stress is called longitudinal stress.
compared to D)
Equating FB & FR
P * (D * D) /4= D t * SL
t
=(P D)/4 * SL
or
SL
=(P D)/(4 * t)
________ (2)
Radial Stress SR :
Radial stress is a stress in directions coplanar with but
perpendicular to the symmetry axis.
The radial stress for a thick-walled pipe is equal and opposite to the
gauge pressure on the inside surface, and zero on the outside
surface.
The radial stress is always compressive.
Each element of the pipe is subjected to radial stress which acts in
radial direction as shown in Fig.4 and calculated as
SL = P
Need of CAESAR II :
Every Piping system is subjected to different loads during its design
life which develops stresses in the system.
Depending on the stress design basis the system is classified as
stress critical or non- stress critical.
All the stress critical system shall be stress analyzed using software
system (eg.Caesar II) to keep the stresses within the allowable limits
as per the code/standard.
Optimal Design
Operational Integrity
Types of Loads :
The types of loads to be considered in Stress Analysis shall be as
given in below:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
For those lines having Design temperature greater than 80 deg. C and if
the difference between Operating and Design temperature is more than 25
deg. C, the maximum/minimum Operating temperatures, as obtained
from Process Group, may be used in Stress Analysis in place of the Design
temperature.
Sustained loads:
Sustained loads to be considered are as given below:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Design pressure.
Weight of Pipe and associated components such as Flanges,
Valves, Strainer,
Sight glass etc., mounted on the Piping System.
Weight of Fluid/contents in the piping.
Insulation and cladding weight.
Hydro test loads, if applicable for the line.
Snow load, if applicable
Seismic Loads :
For Projects where Seismic Design is to be carried out, equivalent Static
Seismic Analysis method in Caesar II shall be used to evaluate the
seismic stresses, displacements and loads on the piping system.
If the Seismic coefficient is not provide by the client, then the
calculation of static seismic co-efficient in terms of g based on Project
site-specific data shall be calculated as per relevant codes
(UBC/ASCE/SNIP/others as applicable). In that case, the Seismic
factor calculation document shall be enclosed as an Attachment to the
Project
Stress
Analysis
Design
basis
document.
The normal Operating Temperature shall be used when analyzing for
Occasional loads. Seismic loads shall be considered as acting along the
horizontal axes (both in +ve and in the ve directions, that is, along
North, South, East and West directions), but not acting simultaneously.
Wind Loads:
Slug Force:
For lines having slug flow regime, as identified by the Process group on P&ID/line list, slug
force shall be considered in the piping stress analysis. Slug force shall be calculated as below:
Fslug = () (A) (V2) [2(1 cos )]1/2 DLF
Where,
F slug = Force due to slug in Newton.
= Density of the slug in Kg/m3,
A = Inside area of pipe cross section in m2,
Slug Force:
Faxial = () (A) (V2) DLF
Forthogonal = () (A) (V2) DLF
Isometrics
Wall Thickness
Corrosion Allowance
Pressure Rating
Design Pressure
Design Temperature
Test Pressure
Piping Material
Design Code
Support Location
Operating Case :
Pipelines are tested with the working fluid at given
temperature and pressure .
Condition for Hydro test case is W+T1+P1
W
=
Dead weight of the Piping system
P1
=
Maximum Design Pressure
T1
=
Maximum Design Temperature
Sustained case :
In this load case only the weight of the pipe and
design pressure is considered for calculating the load case. Sustain
loads will exist throughout the plant operation.
Condition for Hydro test case is W+P1
W
=
Dead weight of the Piping system
P1
=
Maximum Design Pressure
Expansion case :
In this load case only the temperature of the pipe
considered for calculating the load case.
Condition for Expansion case is (W+T1+P1 ) (W+P1 )
Sustained
Expansion
Identify the Critical lines from the P&ID based on the criteria
mentioned in the Piping Stress Analysis Design Basis.
10. Once the modeling of the system is done in the Caesar-II using all
the above data, next important activity is to formulate the load
cases for which the system is to be analyzed.
11. List down all the possible conditions the selected system may
experience.
12. Load Cases for a piping system is given below,
.
.
.
.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Load Cases:
Case No.
Load Case
Stress Type
L1
WW+HP
HYDRO
L2
W+T1+P1
OPE
L3
L4
L5
W+P1
SUS
L6
L2-L5
EXP
L7
L3-L5
EXP
L8
L4-L5
EXP
L9
L2-L4
EXP
Note:
Direction is just for example user can use this
terminology for any other direction as per his ease
Load Cases:
Case No. Load Case
L1
WW+HP
Stress
Type
HYDRO
Combination
Type
Algebraic
L2
W+T1+P1
OPE
Algebraic
L3
Algebraic
L4
Algebraic
L5
W+P1
SUS
Algebraic
L6
W+T1+P1+WIN1
OPE
Algebraic
L7
W+T1+P1+WIN2
OPE
Algebraic
L8
W+T1+P1+WIN3
OPE
Algebraic
L9
W+T1+P1+WIN4
OPE
Algebraic
L10
L6-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L11
L7-L2
OCC
Algebraic
Case No.
Load Case
Stress Type
L12
L8-L2
OCC
Combination
Type
Algebraic
L13
L9-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L14
L5+L10
OCC
Scalar
L15
L5+L11
OCC
Scalar
L16
L5+L12
OCC
Scalar
L17
L5+L13
OCC
Scalar
L18
L2-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L19
L3-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L20
L4-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L21
L2-L4
EXP
Algebraic
Load Cases:
Case No. Load Case
L1
WW+HP
Stress
Type
HYDRO
Combination
Type
Algebraic
L2
W+T1+P1
OPE
Algebraic
L3
Algebraic
L4
Algebraic
L5
W+P1
SUS
Algebraic
L6
W+T1+P1+U1
OPE
Algebraic
L7
W+T1+P1-U1
OPE
Algebraic
L8
W+T1+P1+U2
OPE
Algebraic
L9
W+T1+P1-U2
OPE
Algebraic
L10
L6-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L11
L7-L2
OCC
Algebraic
Case No.
Load Case
Stress Type
L12
L8-L2
OCC
Combination
Type
Algebraic
L13
L9-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L14
L5+L10
OCC
Scalar
L15
L5+L11
OCC
Scalar
L16
L5+L12
OCC
Scalar
L17
L5+L13
OCC
Scalar
L18
L2-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L19
L3-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L20
L4-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L21
L2-L4
EXP
Algebraic
Load Cases:
Case No. Load Case
L1
WW+HP
Stress
Type
HYDRO
Combination
Type
Algebraic
L2
W+T1+P1
OPE
Algebraic
L3
Algebraic
L4
Algebraic
L5
W+P1
SUS
Algebraic
L6
W+T1+P1+WIN1
OPE
Algebraic
L7
W+T1+P1+WIN2
OPE
Algebraic
L8
W+T1+P1+WIN3
OPE
Algebraic
L9
W+T1+P1+WIN4
OPE
Algebraic
L10
W+T1+P1+U1
OPE
Algebraic
L11
W+T1+P1-U1
OPE
Algebraic
Case No.
Load Case
Stress Type
L12
W+T1+P1+U2
OPE
Combination
Type
Algebraic
L13
W+T1+P1-U2
OPE
Algebraic
L14
L6-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L15
L7-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L16
L8-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L17
L9-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L18
L10-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L19
L11-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L20
L12-L2
OCC
Algebraic
L21
L13-L2
OCC
Algebraic
Case No.
Load Case
Stress Type
L22
L5+L14
OCC
Combination
Type
Scalar
L23
L5+L15
OCC
Scalar
L24
L5+L16
OCC
Scalar
L25
L5+L17
OCC
Scalar
L26
L5+L18
OCC
Scalar
L27
L5+L19
OCC
Scalar
L28
L5+L20
OCC
Scalar
L29
L5+L21
OCC
Scalar
L30
L2-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L31
L3-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L32
L4-L5
EXP
Algebraic
L33
L2-L4
EXP
Algebraic
5.
Thank You..