It is concerned with the establishment, reproduction, conservation and transfer of

units of measurement and their standards. The field of metrology may be defined
as the field of measurement in some agreed units and reproducing the same units as
standards.
This field may be classified according to the field in which it is applied, therefore
when metrology is applied to the engineering; it is called as Engineering
Metrology.

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Engineering metrology
Engineering metrology deals with the
measurement of all the physical quantities
which find application in the Engineering
industries like Length, Angle, Geometrical
shape and surface measurement when
applied to the tooling or the manufacturing
industries.
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Process of Measurement
The three important factors of measurement are:

Measurand

Reference

Comparator

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Measurand: It is the physical quantity or

property like length, angle, diameter,
thickness etc to be measured.

Reference: It is a physical quantity or

property to which quantitative
comparisons are made.

Comparator: It means of comparing

measurand with some reference.

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Classification of measuring
instruments:
Length
Angle

measuring instruments

measuring instruments

Checking

geometrical form
instruments

Checking

surface finish instruments

Precision

and accuracy:

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ERROR:

The error can be define as the difference between the

real readings and aimed (correct value). Thus it is the
difference between the true value and the measured
value.

In any measurement, there is always a degree of

uncertainty resulting from measurement error. All
measuring errors may be caused due to imperfection in
instrument, environment, man and material.

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The general classes of error

are:

Bias error

Precision error

Bias errors (systematic errors)

These that occur the same way each time a measurement
is made if a scale on an instrument consistently 5% high,
then the entire set of measurements will be biased by
+5% above the true value e.g. a micrometer not zeroed
properly. Alternatively, the scale may have a fixed offset
error so that the indicated value for every reading of x is
higher than the true value by an amount xoffset

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Precision (random) errors.

These errors are different for each successive measurement but have an
average value of zero e.g. mechanical friction or vibration may cause the
reading of a measuring mechanism to fluctuate about the true value
sometime reading high and sometime reading low. This lack of mechanical
precision will cause sequential readings of the same quantity to differ
slightly creating a distribution of value surrounding the true value.

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Sources of error
The sources of error are mainly of three categories,
namely

Gauge or instrument

Environment

Individual person.

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Gauge or Instrument error:

The gauge error may be caused due to

Design

Setting or calibration

Measuring force

Parallax

Temperature

Location

Alignment (cosine error)

Wear.

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Environmental error:

a) Temperature

b) dust and dirt

c) magnetism

d) vibration

e) light

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f) noise

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Individual error:
These errors may be caused due to

want of skill

poor eye sight

feeling

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metrology elements
Five basic metrology elements can be composed into the
acronym SWIPE, for convenient reference which stands for
S

Standard

Work piece

Instrument

Person

Environment

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Standards of Measurement
A standard is defined as something that is setup and
established by authority as a rule for the measurement of
quantity, weight, extent, value or quality etc the role of
standard is to support the system which makes uniform
measurement through out the world and helps to maintain
interchangeability in mass production.

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Subdivision of standards

Primary standards : to ensure that standard unit of

length, yard or meter does not change its value and it is
strictly followed-

Second standards: secondary standards are made as

nearly as possible to the primary standard with which
they are compared at intervals.

Tertiary standards: tertiary standards are the first

standards to be used for reference
purposes in
laboratories and work shops

Working standards: working standards are necessary for

use in metrology laboratories and similar institutions.
Thee are derived from fundamental standards

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There are three main categories of

measuring instruments and these are:

Direct measuring instrument are those that are

graduated and the reading is deduced from the
graduations on the instrument.

Indirect (transfer) measuring Instruments: are those

that have no graduations on them and the reading is
found by transferring the measurement found by the
measuring instrument to a direct measuring instrument.

Comparison instruments: are those that are used to

compare side of a component e.g. checking the
concentricity of a cylindrical object using a dial testing
indicator.

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TERMINOLOGY

NOMINAL SIZE: It is the size of a part specified in the

drawing.

BASIC SIZE: It is the size of a part to which all limits of

variation are determined.

ACTUAL SIZE: It is the actual measured dimension of a

part. Nominal and basic size are often the same.

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TERMINOLOGY

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DEVIATION

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Tolerances

Tolerance is the difference between maximum and

minimum dimensions of a component, ie, between
upper limit and lower limit. Depending on the type of
application, the permissible variation of dimension is
set as per available standard grades. Tolerance is of two
types, bilateral and unilateral. When tolerance is
present on both sides of nominal size, it is termed as
bilateral; unilateral has tolerance only on one side.

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Tolerances

Tolerance is of two types, bilateral and unilateral. When

tolerance is present on both sides of nominal size, it is
termed as bilateral; unilateral has tolerance only on
one side.

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FITS

The degree of tightness or looseness between two

mating parts is called a fit.

The nature of assembly of two mating parts is defined

by three types of fit system,

Clearance Fit,

Transition Fit and

Interference Fit.

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Fits

Clearance Fit: In this type

of fit, the shaft of largest
possible diameter can be
fitted easily in the hole of
smallest possible diameter.

There is a clearance or
looseness in this type of
fits. These fits maybe slide
fit, easy sliding fit, running
fit etc.

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Interference Fit

Interference Fit: In this type of fit, irrespective of tolerance grade there is always
a overlapping of the matting parts.

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Transitional Fit

Transition Fit: In this case, a clearance is present between the

minimum dimension of the shaft and the minimum dimension
of the hole. However, the fit is tight, if the shaft dimension is
maximum and the hole dimension is minimum. Hence,
transition fit have both the characteristics of clearance fit and
interference fit.

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BASIS OF LIMIT SYSTEM

HOLE BASIS SYSTEM: In this system, the hole is kept as

a constant member and different fits are obtained by
varying the shaft size.

SHAFT BASIS SYSTEM: In this system, the shaft is kept

as constant member and different fits are obtained by
varying the hole size.

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Inspection

It is concerned with checking of a product at various

stages in its manufacture right from the raw material to
the finished product and even assembled parts in the
form of machine also.

Inspection may also be defined as a process used for

controlling and checking the quality of a product to the
laid quality standards.

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OBJECTIVES OF INSPECTION
1.

It separates the defective components from nondefective ones.

2.

By doing so, a defective product is rejected before

reaching to the customer.

3.

It prevents the further work to be done on the

defective product.

4.

It helps the companies to sustain their reputation by

maintaining quality standards.

5.

To find out the defects in raw materials and errors in

workmanship.

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Need of inspection
Therefore the basic need for the inspection has arisen for
the following two reasons:

Precision and Accuracy

Repeatability

Measurement

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FUNCTIONS OF INSPECTION
1.

Inspection of incoming material

2.

Inspection during manufacturing

3.

Mechanical and metallurgical inspection

4.

Tool inspection

5.

Finished goods inspection

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TYPES OF INSPECTION
Based upon method of inspection
1.

Remedial inspection

2.

First-off inspection

3.

In-process inspection

4.

Operation inspection

5.

Sampling inspection

6.

Final inspection

7.

Pilot-piece inspection

8.

Final assembly inspection

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