Perbandingan antara Maksim

Ekuiti dan Maksim

Perundangan Islam
NOR MAIZATOL ATHIRAH
NOR HAFIZA BINTI ISMAIL
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NUR HAZIATUL SYAHIRAH

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Maxims of equity
Statements espousing general principles of law
Not usually used to justify a court decision based on law, but
frequently used to determined the equities of a situation.

Role of maxims
Maxims of equity are not a rigid set of rules, but are, rather,
general principles which can be deviated from in specific cases.

Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a

remedy
When seeking an equitable relief, the one that has been
wronged has the stronger hand.
The stronger hand is the one that has the capacity to ask for a
legal remedy (judicial relief).

In equity, this form of remedy is usually one of specific

performance or an injunction (injunctive relief).

These are superior remedies to those administered at common

law such as damages.

Equity follows the law

Expressed as Aequistas sequitur legem means more fully that

equity will not allow a remedy that is contrary to law.
The goal of law and equity was the same but due to historical
reason they chose a different path.
Equity respected every word law and every right at law but
where the law was defective, in those cases, equity provides
equitable right and remedies.

Where equities are equal, the law will prevail.

Where the equities are equal, the first in time
prevails.
Concerned with priorities
Which various interests prevails in the event of a conflict
Burden of proving such inequitable conduct lies on the holder of
the latter equitable interest
Again, if there is a conflict between a number of equitable
interests, they will have priority in order of their creation, again
subject to the equities being equal, example both parties not
being at fault or guilty of fraud etc.

He who seeks equity must do equity

To receive equitable relief, the petitioning party must be willing

to complete all of its own obligations as well.
The applicant to a court of equity is just as much subject to the
power of that court as the defendant.
This maxim may also overlap with he who comes to equity
must come with clean hand.

DELAY DEFEATS EQUITIES

"Vigilant, non dormentibus, jura subvenient" means '' Equity

aids the vigilant and not the indolent''.
if one sleeps on his right, his right will slip away from him.
legal claims are barred by statutes of limitation and equitable
claims may be barred not only by limitation law also by
unreasonable delay, called laches.

CASES
In Bombay case, the plaintiff allowed his land to be occupied by
the defendant and this was acquiesced by him even beyond the
period of limitition. On a suit of the land it was decided that as
the period of limitation to recover possession had expired, no
relief could be granted.

EQUITY LOOKS TO THE INTENT RATHER

THAN TO THE FORM
Common law was very rigid and inflexible, it could not respond
favourably to the demand of time.
It regarded the form of a transaction to be more important than
its substance.
It looked to the very letter of the agreement and not the
intention behind it.
Equity looks to the spirit not to the letter, it looks to the
intention of parties and not to words.

CASES
In case of sale of land, if a party fails to complete it within the
fixed for it, he is at Common Law, in breach of the contract, but
equity does not take this rigid attitude. It allows a reasonable
time to the party to complete it.

EQUITY LOOKS ON THAT AS DONE

WHICH OUGHT TO BE DONE
If someones undertakes an obligation for the other, equity
courts look on it as done and as producing the same results as if
the obligation had been actually performed.
Equity courts look to the acts of the person bound by his
conscience and interpret and construe them in such a way that
they amount to what ought to be done.

CASES
If a makes T trustee leaving 50 000 Taka to purchase a land for
the use of B. T does not purchase the land and by the time, B
dies leaving all immovable property to Y. Now, who should get
the 50 000 Taka? Equity in such cases would definately regard
the purchase of land which ought to have been made as made.
the money thus goes to X

EQUITY IMPUTES AN ATTENTION TO

FULFIL AN OBLIGATION
Equity considered and estimated acts of parties.
A person is under an obligation to do a certain act and does
some other act which is capable of being regarded as an act in
fulfillmentof his oblogation.
A person is presumed to do what he is bound to do.

CASES
Sowden v. Sowden and Lachmare v. Lady Lachmere cases are
examp les of performance. Satisfication is the donation of a
thing with it is to be taken in extinguishment of some prior claim
of donee. This maxim is helpful where the presumed intention of
the testator is to be found out.

EQUITY ACT IN PERSONAM

Spesific relevance in relation to property an interest abroad
been discussed in relation to search orders and freezing
injuction

HE WHO COMES TO EQUITY MUST COME

WITH CLEAN HANDS
Equity demands fairness not only from the plaintiff.
"He that hath committed an inequity, shall not have equity''
While applying this maxim the court believed that the behavior
of the plaintiff was not against conscience before he came to
the court.

CASES
In Highwayman case, two robbers were partners in their own
way. due to a disagreement in shares one of them filed a bill
against another for account of the profits of robbery. Courts of
equity do grant relief in case of partnership but here was a case
where the cause of action arose from an illegal occupation. So,
the court refused to help.
The working of this maxim could be seen while giving the relief
of specific performance, injunction, rescission or cancellation.

QAWAID AL-FIQIYYAH

DEFINISI QAWAID FIQIYYAH

Qawaid Fiqiyyah merupakan prinsip amali syarie yang
menyeluruh. Ia juga merupakan hasil kajian terhadap
nas, ijma dan fatwa para ulama dan mencari prinsip
kesaksamaan yang mengaitkan hukum-hukum syara.
Menurut para fuqaha: perkataan kaedah beerti
hukum yang digunakan secara majoriti yang meliputi
pecahan-pecahannya supaya diketahui akan
hukumnya.

- Kaedah tersebut telah menjelaskan bahawa setiap pekerjaan zahir

atau batin yang ingin dilakukan oleh seseorang perlu disertai dengan
niat mahupun motif yang tertentu.
-

Setiap perbuatan mukallaf itu amat bergantung kepada apa yang

diniatkannya.
Sabda Rasulullah s.a.w yang bermaksud:

- Apabila dua Muslim bertarung dengan saling menghunus pedang yang

terbunuh dan yang membunuh, kedua-duanya dimasukkan ke dalam neraka.
Aku bertanya: Wahai Rasulullah ini adalah balasan bagi orang yang
membunuh (masuk neraka adalah patut), tetapi bagaimana keadaan orang
yang dibunuh? Baginda menjawab: kerana ia juga berazam untuk membunuh.

Kaedah ini bermaksud tuduhan atau sangkaan tanpa bukti tidak

boleh menghilangkan atau menafikan keyakinan asal iaitu
seseorang itu tidak bersalah .
Ianya telah dijadikan asas dalam menentukan berat beban
pembuktian yang diperlukan dalam sesuatu kes, di samping
sebagai pembelaan kepada pihak yang dituduh atau didakwa.
Berdasarkan dalil:

()
Dan kebanyakan mereka tidak mengikutinya kecuali sangkaan saja.
Sesungguhnya sangkaan itu tidak sedikit pun berguna untuk
mencapai kebenaran. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui apa
yang mereka kerjakan.
(SURAH YUNUS:36)


Kaedah ini bermaksud sesuatu kesusahan atau
kesulitan dalam melaksanakan perintah Allah
itu maka peringatan itu diringankan.
Berdasarkan dalil:
Allah menghendaki kamu beroleh kemudahan
dan ia tidak menghendaki kamu menanggung
kesukaran.


Kaedah tersebut dilihat ringkas dan mudah
Ia juga telah menghasilkan pelbagai jalan
penyelesaian dalam keempat-empat dimensi fiqh
( rubu fiqhiyyah) iaitu merangkum rubu ibadat,
munakahat, muamalat dan jinayat.
Berdasarkan dalil: Setelah (ditunai wasiat)
hutangnya dengan tidak menyusahkan (dengan
sebab wasiat akan ahli waris). Demikianlah
ketentuan Allah.


Bermaksud adat dijadikan sebagai hukum
dalam menentukan sesuatu hukum.
Berdasarkan hadis:- Apa yang dinilai oleh
seseorang muslim itu baik maka ia adalah baik
disisi Allah dan apa yang dinilai oleh orang
muslim itu buruk maka ia adalah buruk di sisi
Allah.

PERBEZAAN
EKUITI

QAWAID FIQHIYYAH

PENGGUNAAN KAEDAH
Hanya berlaku jika terdapat
lakuna dalam undang-undang
Common Law

Kaedah digunakan bagi semua

permasalahan

SUMBER UNDANG-UNDANG
Ekuiti dari Undang-undang
Inggeris
( Rujuk Seksyen 3 & 5 Akta
Undang-undang Sivil 1956 )

Dari Undang-undang Islam

( Quran, Hadith, Ijma Ulama,
Ijtihad )

PERLAKSANAAN DI MALAYSIA
Ekuiti meluas dalam perkara
jenayah, Harta, Keluarga, Tanah
dan sebagainya

Qawaid terhad pada bidang kuasa

mal dan jenayah sahaja.

PEMAKAIAN DI MALAYSIA
Ekuiti tertakluk pada semua
orang
KESAN PENGUATKUASAAN DI

Terpakai hanya kepada orang

Islam sahaja

PERBANDINGAN
PERSAMAAN
Menuntut keadilan
Undang-undang Ekuiti dan undang-undang Islam boleh
digunapakai di Malaysia.

KESIMPULAN