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Categorical Syllogism
Composed of categorical statements
Begins with the words all, some or no
Some Democrats are elected officials.
All elected officials are politicians.
Therefore, some Democrats are politicians.
No painters are sculptors.
Some sculptors are artists.
Therefore, some artists are not painters.
Categorical Syllogism...
All lions are animals.
Some animals are not felines.
So, Some lions are not felines.
Argument by Elimination
Logically arrives at a single possibility by ruling out
others
Either A or B Either A or B
Not A Not B
So, B So, A
Either Pablo Picasso painted Woman with a Guitar or Georges
Braque painted it.
Pablo Picasso did not paint Woman with a Guitar .
So, Georges Braque painted Woman with a Guitar .
Either experimentation on live animals should be banned or
experimentation on humans should be permitted (e.g., the
terminally ill).
Experimentation on humans should not be permitted.
So, Experimentation on live animals should be banned.
Argument based on
Mathematics
Conclusion depends on mathematical
calculation or measurement
Light travels at a rate of 186,000 miles
per second.
The sun is more than 93 million miles
distant from the earth.
Therefore, it takes more than eight
minutes for the suns light to reach the
earth.
Patterns of Inductive
Reasoning
Inductive Generalization
Probably true based on information about some
members of a particular class
Six months ago I met a farmer from Iowa, and he
was friendly.
Four months ago I met an insurance salesman
from Iowa, and he was friendly.
Two months ago I met a dentist from Iowa, and
she was friendly.
I guess most people from Iowa are friendly.
Predictive Argument
Reasons are provided to defend a
prediction
Most U.S. presidents have been tall.
Therefore, probably the next U.S.
president will be tall.
Causal Argument
A cause of something is asserted or
denied
Rashid isnt allergic to peanuts. I saw
him eat a bag of peanuts on the flight
from Dallas.
Statistical Argument
Statistical evidence is used to
support a statistical argument
Ninety-five percent of women over 30
years of age cannot run the mile in
under 5 minutes. Rebecca is a woman
over 30 years of age. Hence, its highly
likely that Rebecca cannot run the mile
in under 5 minutes.
The vast majority of violent criminals are
unhappy. Jones is a violent criminal. So,
Jones is unhappy.
Statistical Argument
(Exception)
If 65 percent of likely voters polled
support Senator Beltway, then
Senator Beltway will win in a
landslide.
Sixty-five percent of likely voters
polled do support Senator Beltway.
Therefore, Senator Beltway will win in
a landslide.
Question
Mr. Green, Mr. Red, and Mr. Blue were at the
Cafeteria eating lunch. One of the men was
wearing a red suit; one man was wearing a
green suit; and the other was wearing a blue
suit. "Have you noticed," said the man
wearing the blue suit, "that although our suits
have colours corresponding to our names, not
one of us is wearing a suit that matches our
own names?" Mr. Red looked at the other two
and said, "Youre absolutely correct." What
colour suit is each man wearing?
Answer