PRESENTATION

FOR
ESSENTIAL
MECHANICS
AND FLUIDS
BY
Aditya Verma
PT1384420

MECHANICS
Section

STRESS
Stress is defined as force per unit area. It is
obtain from fundamental physical quantity and
geometrical quantity and thus we can conclude
that stress is also a fundamental quantity
which makes it easier in measuring or
analysing.
Stress==Force/Area in N/m2 or Pascal

TYPES OF STRESS
Normal stress:- When the force acts in perpendicular direction to the surface
area.
Shearing or tangential stress:- When the force acts in direction parallel to the
surface.
Tensile stress:- When the body is stretched or pulled.

TYPES OF STRAIN
Linear strain:- Ratio of change in length to original length in direction of force.
Also known as tensile or compressive strain depending on the type of
change in length the body undergoes.
Strain, =
Where
dl = Change in length in metre
l = Original length in metre

Lateral strain:- Ratio of change in length to original length in the

perpendicular direction to that of the force acting on deformed body.
Volumetric strain:- Ratio of change in volume of a body to its original
length.
Strain, =
Where
dV= Change in volume in m3
V= Original volume in m3

HOOKES LAW
Itstates that stress produced in a body is directly proportional to the strain produced.
Stress strain

=Y
Where
F= Force applied on body in newton
A= Area in m2
Y= Youngs modulus in newton per metre square
l= Change in length in metre
L= Original length in metre
The above equation is used for linear deformation

STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Proportional Limit: - The point up to which the Hookes law is valid is

known as proportional limit.
Elastic Limit: - The point after which a body loses its elasticity or in
other words once deformed cannot regain its shape back is known as
elastic limit.
Ultimate strength: - The maximum stress an object can withstand is
known ultimate strength.
Breaking point: -The point at which the body breaks is known as
breaking point.

ELASTICITY

The stress strain ratio is known as elastic modulus. There are three
types of elastic modulus
1. Youngs modulus: - The ratio of stress to longitudinal strain gives
youngs modulus
2. Shear modulus: - The ratio of stress to strain where displacement
of surface is involved is known as shear modulus.
3. Bulk modulus: - It the ration of volumetric stress to volumetric
strain.

DEMONSTRATION
AIM:- To perform the tensile test on Universal testing machine (UTM).
APPARATUS:1. A UTM
2. Iron specimen
3. Venire calliper/micrometre
4. Dial gauge & graph paper.

PROCEDURE:1. By setting the initial knob the load pointer was set to zero.
2. Specimen was adjusted between upper and lower jaws of the machine.
3. The automatic graph recording was set.
4. The machine was started and reading was noted down carefully.
PRECATIONS:-

The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.

The specimen should be carefully installed between the jaws.
Take reading carefully.
After breaking specimen stop machine.

RESULT:Ultimate tensile strength= (200 + 30 0.8) KN= 224KN

Yield Point= (160 + 37 0.8) KN= 189.6KN
Breaking Point= 206.8KN
GRAPH:-

CONCLUSION:The assignment helped me in learning about the strength of materials

through it we get to know the tensile strength of materials. The practical
application of the material is easy when one know about the strength of
the material.

FLUIDS

SECTION

INTRODUCTION

Fluids
A substance in liquid or gas phase is known as fluid. It is a substance
that continuallydeforms under an appliedshear stress.
Fluids have properties such as:
Viscosity: Internal friction between the layers of fluids.
Density: The ratio of mass of fluid to the volume of fluid.
Specific gravity: ratio of weight density of fluid to the weight density
of standard fluid.

Centre of pressure
Centre of pressure is a point at which the total force assumed to act on the
submerged surface. It can be calculated with the help of principle of
moments. The change in location of the centre of pressure of a body has a
considerable effect on the stability dynamically.
Flow rate
It is defined as the quantity of fluid flowing per second through a section of
pipe or a channel. It is a pace at which liquid flows through the opening.
The S.I unit of flow rate is m3/sec.

Flow rate is given by:

Q= AV
Where, Q= Flow rate
A= Area of cross section
V= Average velocity of fluid

Mass flow rate

The mass flow rate of a system is a measure of the mass of fluid
passing a point in the system per unit time. It is the movement of
mass per time. Mass flow rate can be calculated from the density of
the liquid (or gas), its velocity, and the cross sectional area of flow.
S.I unit of mass flow rate is kg/s.
Mass flow rate (m):
m=

Volume flow rate

Volume of fluid passing through a given surface per unit time is
known as volume flow rate.
S.I unit of mass flow rate is m3/s.
Equation of continuity:
The volume of an incompressible fluid entering one part of a tube or
pipe must be matched by an equal volume leaving downstream.
Volume flow rate (v):
Q=

DEMONSTRATION

Aim
To aim of this experiment is to determine the centre of pressure of a curved
surface under partial submerge and full submerge condition.
Apparatus Required
Centre of pressure apparatus
Weights
Source of clean Water
Bucket

Procedure:-

Placed the centre of pressure apparatus on a leveled surface.

Closed the valve provided.
Positioned the counter balance weight until the balance arm is
horizontal.
Filled the tank up to maximum measured limit.
Applied the weight to the weight hanger.
Opened the drain valve of the tank and allowed the water to flow
out of the tank until the arm comes back to the horizontal
position.
Closed the valve when the arm comes back to the horizontal
position.
Noted the height of the water level.
Noted the weight applied.
Repeated the above steps for different weights.

Precaution
Apparatus should be kept away from dust.
Water used must be clean.
Set up should be kept on level surface.
S.No

W, gm

h,mm

500

132

450

123

400

115

350

107

200

81

Conclusion:Centre of pressure is a point at which the total force assumed to act

on the submerged surface. It is calculated using principle of
moments. From the observation it can be concluded that centre of
pressure varies with depth.