Evaporation

Dr. Asif Mahmood

Hajvery University (Faculty of
Pharmacy)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EVAPORATION

Defination
Mechanism
Factors affecting the Evaporation
EVAPORATION UNDER REDUCEDE
PRESSURE
EQUIPMENT USED FOR EVAPORATION
APPLICATION OF EVAPORATION
REFERENCES
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EVAPORATION
Defination:Theoretically,
Evaporation means simply
vaporization from the surface of a
liquid. Vaporization of a liquid below its
boiling point is called evaporation.
Thus, no boiling occurs and the rate of
vaporization depends on the diffusion
of vapour through the boundary layers
above the liquid.
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 Thus a practical definition of evaporation

is
The removal of liquid from a solution by
boiling the solution in a suitable vessel
and withdrawing the vapour, leaving a
concentrated liquid residue.
This means that heat will be necessary to
provide the latent heat of vaporization
and, in general the rate of evaporation is
controlled by the rate of heat transfer.
Evaporators are designed, therefore, to
give maximum heat transfer to the liquid,
with the largest possible area, a suitable
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temperature gradient.
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Mechanism
When heat applied in solution the
motion of molecules increase and
molecules present in the surface
overcome the surface tension of the
liquid and it evaporates because
surface molecules have less cohesive
force than others.

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Factors affecting the

Evaporation

There are seven factors to affect

evaporation.
1. Temperature
2. Surface area
3. Agitation
4. Atmospheric aqueous vapour pressure
5. Atmospheric pressure on the liquid
under evaporation
6. Type of product required
7. Economic factors
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1) Temperature: The rate of

evaporation is directly proportional
to the temperature.
2) Surface area: The rate of
evaporation is directly proportional
to the surface area of the vessel
exposed to evaporation.
3) Agitation: is necessary for
evaporation.
4) Atmospheric aqueous vapour
pressure: The rate of evaporation
is inversely proportional to the
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5) Atmospheric pressure on the

liquid under evaporation: The rate of
evaporation is inversely proportional to
the atmospheric pressure on the liquid
under evaporation.
6) Type of product required: The
selection of the method and apparatus
to be used for evaporation depends
upon type of product required.
7) Economic factors: When selecting
the method and apparatus the
economic factors
are important
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Pharmacy)

EVAPORATION UNDER
REDUCEDE PRESSURE
At reduced pressure evaporation increases.
Advantage:
1. Evaporation occurs at low temperature,
with less risk of damage to heat sensitive
materials.
2. A lower operating temperature gives
higher temperature gradients, without the
need of excessive steam pressures.
3. The lower the operating, temperature the
lower the steam pressure that can be used.
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EQUIPMENT USED FOR

EVAPORATION
Equipments which are used for evaporation
are called Evaporators.
Types of Evaporator:
Evaporators are divided mainly into three
groups.
1. Natural circulation evaporator
.Types:
i) Evaporating pans
ii) Evaporating stills
iii) Short tube evaporator.
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2) Forced circulation evaporator.

3) Film evaporator
Types:
i) Wiped Film evaporator
ii)Long Tube Evaporator
a) Climbing film evaporator
b) Falling film evaporator
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1) NATURAL CIRCULATION
EVAPORATORS
Working principle:
The movement of the liquid results
from convection currents set up by
the heating process.
Convection currents: The process
in which heat moves through a gas
or liquid as the hotter parts rises and
the cooler part sinks.
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Evaporating Pans
On a manufacturing scale, liquid extracts containing water
are evaporated in open pans called evaporating pans.
Construction:
The evaporating pan consists of
Hemispherical shallow made of
Copper
Stainless steel
Alluminium
Enameled iron
Steam jacket
The hemispherical shape gives the best surface\volume
ratio for heating and the largest area for the
disengagement of vapour.
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 Working:
The dilute solution is
taken in the pan. Steam
is introduced through
the steam inlet into the
jacket to heat the pan.
In these evaporators the
movement of the liquid
results from convection
currents set up by the
heating process. The
concentrated liquid is
collected through the
outlet placed at the
bottom of the pan.
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Hajvery University (Faculty of

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Advantages
1) They are simple, easy and cheap to
construct.
2) They are easy to use and clean.
3) Stirring of the evaporating liquids
can be done easily.

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Disadvantage
1) The whole of the liquid is heated all the time
which may lead to decomposition of the
components.
2) On the evaporating surface foam is rapidly
formed which decreases evaporation. Solids
may be deposited at the bottom which make
the stirring necessary.
3) This pan can only be used for evaporating
aqueous and thermostable liquid extracts.
4) They can not be used for evaporating extracts
containing organic solvents like alcohol etc.
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ii) Evaporating still

Construction
It consists of a jacketed-evaporating
pan with a cylindrical coverthat
connects it to a condenser. The over
all assembly is calledstill. The cover
is clamped with the evaporating pan.

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Working :
The dilute liquid is fed
into the still, the cover
is clamped. Steam is
introduced into the
jacket. The liquid is
evaporated and
condensed in the
condenser and
collected. The product
(i.e. concentrated
liquid) is collected
through the product
outlet.
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Advantages:
Easy to clean and maintain.
Allow the equipment to be used for
slovents other than water. E.g.
ethanol.
Disadvantages:
All the liquor is heated all the time.
The heating surface is limited.
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iii) Short tube

evaporator
Construction:
The evaporator is a cylindrical vessel. The lower portion
of the vessel consists of a nest of tubes with the liquor
inside and steam outside this assembly is
calledcalendra.
The specifications of calendria are as follows:
Tube length: 1 2 m
Tube diameter: 40 80 mm
Diameter of evaporator: 2.5 m
Number of tubes: 1000
The feed inlet is at the top of the calendra. The product
outlet is placed at the bottom of the evaporator. Steam
inlet and outlet is placed from the side of the calendria.
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Working:
The liquor in the
tubes is heated by the
steam and begins to
boil, when the mixture
of liquid and vapor
will shoot up the
tubes (in a similar
manner to that of a
liquid that is allowed
to boil to vigorously in
a test-tube).
The product is
collected through the
product outlet.
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 Advantages
1.Use of tubular calendria increases the
heating area, possibly by a factor of 10 to 15
compared to that of an external jacket.
2.
Increasing the rate of heat transfer.
3.Condenser and receiver can be attached to
run the evaporation under vacuum with
nonaqueous solvents.
Disadvantages
1. Since the evaporator is filled to a point
above the level of the calendria, a considerable
amount of liquid is heated for a long time. The
effect of this continual heating can be reduced to
some extent by removing concentrated liquor
slowly from the outlet at the bottom of the vessel.
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2.Complicated
design,
Pharmacy)difficult for cleaning

2) Forced circulation
evaporators
Construction:
The evaporator consists of a short tube calendria and
a large cylindrical vessel (body of the evaporator) for
separation of vapor and liquid takes place.
The liquor inlet is provided at the side of the cylindrical
vessel.
A pump is fitted in between the calendria and the body
of the evaporator.
A tangential inlet for liquid under high pressure is
placed at neck of the body of the evaporator.
The vapor outlet is placed at the top of the body and it
may be passed through a condenser to collect the
condensed liquid.
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Working principle:
Feed is introduced through
the liquor inlet. Pump will
force the liquid through the
calendria. Steam heats the
liquid inside the calendria. As
it is under pressure in the
tubes the boiling point is
elevated and no boiling takes
place. As the liquor leaves the
tubes and enters the body of
the evaporator through the
tangential inlet there is a drop
in pressure and vapor flashes
off from the superheated
liquor. The concentrated
liquid is pumped out through
the product outlet and the
vapor is collected through the
vapor outlet.
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Advantages
1) These have an great advantage over
natural circulation evaporators in that the
rapid liquid movement improves heat
transfer, especially with viscous liquids or
materials that deposit solids or foam
readily.
2) The equipment is suitable for operation
under reduced pressure due to the
capacity of the process to overcome the
effect of greater viscosity of liquids.
3) These evaporators possess rapid
evaporation rate.
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4) These evaporators are mainly used

for thermolabile materials.
5) These can also be used in practice
for the concentration of insulin and
liver extracts.
Disadvantage:
Corrosion-erosion can occur, due to
high circulation velocities.
Salt deposits detach and
accumulate at the bottom.
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3) FILM EVAPORATORS
Film evaporators spread the material
as a film over the heated surface,
and the vapor escapes the film.
Following are the types of film
evaporators.
i) Wiped Film evaporator
ii)Long Tube Evaporator
a) Climbing film evaporator
b) Falling film evaporator
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Hajvery University (Faculty of

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i) Wiped film evaporators

Construction:
A form of film evaporator coming into increasing
use is the wiped film evaporator or rotary film
evaporator, which contains of a single, short tube
of wide diameter, better described as a narrow
cylindrical vessel,1 or 2 meters in length.
A section across the evaporator is shown here
where it will be seen that the vessel is surrounded
by a heated jacked. Through the vessel is a bladed
rotor, with a clearance of the order of 1mm
between the tips of the rotor blades and the wall of
the vessel.
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Working:
The liquor is introduced at
the top of the vessel and
spread as a film over the
heated wall by the action of
the rotor.
Evaporation occurs as the
liquor passes down the wall,
vapour is taken to a
condenser and the
concentrated liquor
withdrawn at the bottom of
the vessel.
The evaporator is therefore a
form of single tube, falling
film evaporator in which the
film is formed and agitated
mechanically.
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ii) Long tube evaporators

(Climbing film evaporators)
Construction:
The heating unit consists of steam-jacketed
tubes, having a length to diameter ratio of
about 140 to 1, so that a large evaporator
may have tubes 50 mm in diameter and
about 7 m in length.
The liquor to be evaporated is introduced
into the bottom of the tube, a film of liquid
forms on the walls and rises up the tubes,
hence it is calledclimbing film evaporator.
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Working:
At the upper end, the mixture of vapor
and concentrated liquor enters a
separator, the vapor passes to a
condenser, and the concentrated liquid
to a receiver.
Cold or pre heated liquor is introduced
into the tube.
Heat is transferred to the liquor from
the walls and boiling begins.
Ultimately sufficient vapor has been
formed for the smaller bubbles to unite
to a large bubble,
filling the width of the tube and
trapping a slug of liquid above the
bubble.
As more vapor is formed, the slug of
liquid is blown up the tube, the tube is
filled with vapor, while the liquid
continues to vaporize rapidly, the vapor
escaping up the tube and, because of
friction between the vapor and liquid,
the film also is dragged up the tube
upto a distance of 5 to 6 metres.
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ii) Long tube evaporators

(Falling film evaporators)
Construction:
The heating unit consists of steamjacketed tubes, having a length to
diameter ratio of about 140 to 1, so
that a large evaporator may have
tubes 50 mm in diameter and about
7 m in length.

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Working principle
The liquor to be
evaporated is
introduced at the top of
the evaporator tubes
and the liquor comes
down due to gravity.
The concentrate and
vapor leaves the
bottom. They are
separated in a chamber
where the concentrate
is taken out through
product outlet and
vapor from vapor
outlet.
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Advantages:
Because of obtaining good heat transfer the
method being especially useful with liquids
that are too viscous to be processed in units
in which the film is formed naturally.
Disadvantages:
A major disadvantageof fallingfilm
evaporatorsis the potential instability of the
falling film
Expense to manufacture and install the
instrument is high.
Difficult to clean and maintain.
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APPLICATION OF
EVAPORATION

Evaporation is one of the most important

processes in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals.
It is used in the preparation of
1. Liquid extracts, soft extracts & dry
extracts.
2. In the concentration of blood plasma &
serum.
3. It is also used in the manufacture of
drugs containing, antibiotics, enzymes,
hormones & many
other substances.
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4) Used in purification of vitamins.

5) Concentration of proteins.
6) Concentration of biological
products.
7) Stripping of solvents from vegetable
& plant or herbal extracts.
8) Removal of water & solvents from
fermentation broths.
9) Concentration of penicillin & related
products
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Refrences
Cooper and Gunns, Tutorial
Pharmacy Edited by S.J.Carter, Sixth
Edition, Part two, Pharmaceutical
Technology, Unit # 14,Page number,
164-172.
http://www.sspindia.com/prd/forced-e
ve-img1.jpg
http://www.avta-us.com/images/lab_ho
riz.jpg
http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statec
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THANK
YOU
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