LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE
NATURAL
AND
MANMADE LANDSCAPE

Natural Landscape
Natural landscape is one that is not affected by human activities.
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things
occurring naturally on Earth. It is an environment that encompasses
the interaction of all living species
The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by
components:
Complete ecological units that function as natural systems
without massive human intervention, including all vegetation,
microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural phenomena that
occur within their boundaries.
Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack
clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well as
energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not originating
from human activity.
Natural landscape remains intact if the living and non-living elements
of that natural environment are free to move and change .

Natural Landscape

Man Made Landscape

Manmade landscape is one that is affected by human activities.

Man alters the natural environment by creating an artificial environment
such as fields, farms and landscaped gardens.
Man designs the landscape around the built environment for its
pleasant and aesthetic appearance. He designs it either by merging
the building with the natural environment or by creating Parks and
Gardens. In doing so, he makes the environment pleasant to live in.
A man-made landscape once created, needs constant care and
maintenance.
Some landscape elements get worn out and destroyed over a period of
time, and need to be replaced.
Weeds should be periodically removed. Proper watering of plants
should be done. Cutting and pruning must be carried out periodically.
All this involves cost and skill.

Man Made
Landscape

Evolution of Natural Landscape

Creation, growth and destruction is a continuous cycle which the earth

is experiencing.
A landscape changes due to natural process which occur over a long
period of time due to various factors which can be classified into
Geology:
-It includes soil, rocks, atmosphere, and natural phenomena that occur
within their boundaries: Tectonic movements and other process
Hydrology
-Concerns with watercourse from source to mouth: involves Erosion,
weathering and Deposition
Biological: Action of Microorganisms, Animals (grazing) and
human.
-Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess
a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural
selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.

Evolution of Natural Landscape

Climatic :
Climate encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and
numerous other meteorological elements in a given region over long
periods of time.
Geo morphological:
understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand
landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes through
a combination of field observations, physical experiments, and
numerical modelling.
All the above components can be well explained with the example of
how the River Action & Valley Development occurs in nature.
Among the geological processes, running water is very important to
people. We depend upon rivers for energy, travel and irrigation. The
unending circulation of earths water supply has come to be called as
the hydrologic cycle. .

Evolution of Natural Landscape

Stages of Valley Development

A river has a life cycle from source to mouth. The processes at work
cause changes to the river valley and river features in the landscape
that it passes over.
The terminology's Youthful, Mature and Old have also been used to
describe the sections.

YOUTH STAGE:
Characteristics:
Deep narrow valley (V shaped)
Interlocking spurs
Fast flowing river (erosion predominant)
Pot holes in the river bed
Rapids, Waterfalls & Plunge Pools
Landforms created by river in youth stage:
Valley, Gorges, Canyon, water falls, Plunge pools, Rapid and Potholes

YOUTH STAGE:

Valley
Potholes

Gorges, Canyon water falls Plunge pools

Rapid

Cascades

Stages of Valley Development

MATURITY STAGE:
Characteristics:
Lateral erosion widens the valley profile.
River bends become more pronounced producing meanders.
A flood plain begins to form on the valley floor.
Landforms created by river in maturity stage:
Alluvial fans, Meanders, Ox-bow lake, Braided river.

Alluvial fans

Meanders

Ox-bow lake

Braided river.

MEANDERS
Meanders are freely developed bends.
The water flows round the meander in a spiral manner.
This causes erosion to take place on the outer bank and deposition on the
inner bank.

OXBOW LAKES :
As the outer banks of a meander continue to be eroded through processes
such as hydraulic action the neck of the meander becomes narrow and
narrower.
Eventually due to the narrowing of the neck, the two outer bends meet and
the river cuts through the neck of the meander. The water now takes its
shortest route rather than flowing around the bend.
Deposition gradually seals off the old meander bend forming a new
straighter river channel.
Due to deposition the old meander bend is left isolated from the main
channel as an ox-bow lake.

Stages of Valley Development

OLD STAGE:
Characteristics:
Deposition is dominant
Estuaries or deltas develop.
At the end of its life, the river flows
into a large body of water, such as
an ocean, bay, or occasionally a lake
to end its journey.

Thus the river undergoes several changes and various landforms

as it passes through various stages to meet the sea or ocean.

Cultural Landscape

Cultural Landscapes have been defined by the World Heritage

Committee as distinct geographical areas or properties uniquely
"..represent[ing] the combined work of nature and of man.

Cultural Landscape

The effect of culture perspective

and human activities on a Natural
Landscape refers to a particular
way in which a group of people
interpret and explain landscapes
through their knowledge, practices
and beliefs. This is popularly
known
as
CULTURAL
LANDSCAPE.
Generally it talks about and leads
to
the
preservation
and
conservation
of
historic
landscape,
which
means
identifying,
documenting,
evaluating
and
preserving
landscapes.

BEMOAN VALLEY , AFGANISTAN

PHILIPPINES, RICE FIELDS

Cultural Landscape

Importance of Cultural Landscape

Insights to past/continuing cultural practices
Factors impacting evolution of these landscapes
Helps in preservation of natural and cultural resources
These sites have potential for tourism

INDIA- BHIMBETKA CAVE PAINTINGS

LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
URBAN
AND
RURAL
LANDSCAPE

Urban Landscape

1.Landform:
-Modified for habitation and built
environment.
2.Water:
-Drains, Fountains, manmade
lakes, ponds,
3.Vegetation
-Scarce, rooftops, roadside and
gardens.
4.Open space:
-Limited, access is little and
poorly /requires maintenance.

Urban Landscape

5.Density
-high density of
Buildings/human population as
compared to greenery and
animals.
6.Networks
-Well connected roads , Rails,
waterways and airways
-Roads are wide, inhabited
streets and insufficient street
furniture and adequate lighting.
Examples:
Parks, Plaza, Rooftop terrace
gardens.

Rural Landscape

1.Landform
-Sloping, undulating and follows
the natural terrain.
2.Water:
-Natural Sources such as sea,
river, streams, ponds etc.
3.Vegetation
-Dense, agricultural Fields,
grasslands etc.
4.Open space
-Ample, easy access and may
not require maintenance.

Rural Landscape

5.Density
-Low built density and population,
high density of flora and fauna.

6.Networks
-Low connectivity Kaccha
roads, rail and may not have
water or airway connection.
-Narrow roads, clean air and
surroundings, Street furniture's
may be part of landscape
Examples: Agricultural fields,
Ghatss etc.