Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
cause
fluid motion
In the chapter - discuss various aspects of fluid motion without being concerned
with the actual force necessary to produce the motion,
i.e., consider the kinematics of the motion.
For example,
T = T (x, y, z, t)
d rA
VA =
where r = position vector
dt
direction
V
speed
2
2
2
magntude V V u v w
dV
dt
a accleration
Example 4.1
V0
Given : V ( )( xi yj ) where V0 and l are constants
l
Determine : (a) At what location is the flow field is the speed equal to V0
(b) Make a sketch of the velocity field in the first quadrant .
Solution :
V V
V 0 xi 0 yj
l
l
V
V
u 0 x; v 0 y
l
l
v
v
v
Magnitude of V u 2 v 2 ( 0 x) 2 ( 0 y ) 2 0
l
l
l
V0
(
)y
y
1
l
Direction of V V tan
tan 1 ( )
(V0
x
).x
l
x2 y2
In fluid mechanics
use Eulerian method
Lagrangian information Eulerian data
(data)
(information)
10
( )
( )
0 or
0
x
x
( )
( )
0 or
0
x
x
11
V u i v j w k
d r dx i dy j dz k
V // d r
dx dy dz dr
ds
u
v
w V
where ds parameter introduced
12
Method A
Integration of
dx dy
u
v
dx
dy
or
u v
dx dy dz dr
ds
u
v
w V
etc.
13
dx dy dz dr
ds
u
v
w V
Method B
dx uds
dy vds
dz wds
x 0 dx uds c1
y
y 0 dy vds c2
Integration
z 0 dz wds c3
Flow Patten:
Streamlines; Streaklines; Pathlines; and Timelines
Streamline ( A line whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the velocity
at that point )
dr // v
dx dy dz dr
u
v
w
v
ds
parameter introduced
dx
ds u
dx uds
dy
v dy vds
ds
dz wds
dz
w
ds
Integration
x
x dx uds c1
y dy vds c2
0
z dz wds c3
or
dy vds
dz wds
x0
y
dx uds
y0
z
0
s
0
s
z0
0
condition (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , t 0 ) at s 0
Then eliminate s to obtain the desired function
f(x, y, z, t) representing the streamline.
15
dy
dy
vdt
or
v ( x, y , z , t )
dz wdt
dt
dz
dt w( x, y, z, t )
16
Find the integration constants which cause the pathlines to pass through
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) at t 0
x0
y0
z0
dx udt
0
dy vdt
0
dz wdt
0
17
dy
v
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
t
)
dt
dz
w
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
t
)
dt
dx udt c
dy vdt c
dz wdt c
1
2
1
Find the integration constants which cause the pathlines to pass through
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) for a sequence of times < t.
x0
y0
z0
dx udt
dy vdt
dz wdt
18
Timeline
- - A set of fluid particles
that form a line at given instant
19
(b)
Streamline
Instantaneous lines .
Timeline
Pathline
Passage of line
streakline
20
21
22
Solution :
V (1 t ) xi (2 t ) yj
u (1 t ) x
v (2 t ) y
(a) Streamline :
dx dy dz
ds
u
v
dx
dx
ds
ds
(1 t ) x
dy
dy
ds
ds
v
(2 t ) y
Integration
dx
(1 t )ds
x
dy
(2 t )ds
y
ln x c1 (t )
s (1 t )
ln x (1 t ) s c11 (t )
1
ln y c 2 (t )
ln y (2 t ) s c 2 (t )
s
(2 t )
ln x c1 ln y c 2
(1 t )
(2 t )
(2 t ) ln x (2 t )c1 (t ) (1 t ) ln y (1 t )c 2 (t )
23
(2 t ) ln x (1 t ) ln y (1 t )c 2 (t ) (2 t )c1 (t )
ln x ( 2t ) ln y (1t ) c3 (t )
x ( 2t )
ln (1t ) ln c 4 (t )
y
x ( 2t )
(1t ) c 4 (t )
y
Initial Condition x 1, y 2, z 0 at t 0
1
c 4 (t )
2
x ( 2t ) 1
(1t )
2
y
y 1t 2 x ( 2t )
y 2x
1
( 2 t ) (1 t )
24
(b) Pathline :
dx
dx
(
1
t
)
x
dt
dt
v dy
(2 t ) y dy
dt
dt
1 2
t ln x c1 ( j )
2t 1 t 2 ln y c ( jj )
2
2
Initial Condition x 1, y 2, z 0 at t = 0
1
(1 t )dt dx
x
1
(2 t )dt dy
y
c1 0
c 2 ln y
1 2
t
t ln x (i )
2t 1 t 2 ln( y ) (ii )
2
2
eq.(ii ) eq.(i )
t ln( y ) ln x (iii )
2
ln x
2
1
y
y
ln( ) ln x ln(
) ln x
2
2 x
2
2
1
y
y
ln( ) 2 ln x ln(
) 0 25
2
2
x
(c) Streakline
1
dx
dx
(
1
t
)
dt
dx
u
(
1
t
)
x
x
dt
dt
1
dy
dy
v
(2 t ) y
(2 t )dt dy
y
dt
dt
t
t
2t
(1 t )dt
ln x 1
1
dx
1 x
t
y 1
(
2
t
)
dt
2 y dy
t
ln y 2
1 2
t
t ln x c1 ( j )
2t 1 t 2 ln y c ( jj )
2
2
x 1, y 2, z 0
t
1 2
2
t t
ln x
2
2
t2
2
2t 2
ln y ln 2
2
2
1 2
ln 1 c1
2 1 2 ln 2 c
2
2
1 2
1
2
c 2 1 2 ln 2
2
2
26
1 2
1 2
t
ln
x
2
2
2t 1 t 2 ln y 2 1 2 ln 2
2
2
1 2
1 2
ln
x
( h)
2
2
2t 1 t 2 ln y 2 1 2 (hh)
2
2
2
1 2
2x 1 2
2x
2x
x ln x ln
t 2t ln
(ln ) 2
2
y 2
y
y
1 2
2x 1 2
2x 1
2x
t ln x ln
t t ln
(ln ) 2
2
y 2
y 2
y
2x
2x 1
2x
ln x ln
t ln
(ln ) 2 0
y
y 2
y
For
t0
2x 1
2x
27
ln x ln
(ln ) 2 0
y 2
y
28
Example 4.3
y
Given : V u 0 sin (t ) i V0 j
v0
Solution :
y
V u0 sin (t
) i v0 j
v0
y
u u0 sin (t
)
v0
v v0
29
y
u u0 sin (t
)
v0
v v0
u v
dx
dy
v0
y
u0 sin (t )
v0
y
v0 dx u0 sin (t ) dy
v0
y v0
v0 x u0 cos (t ) ( )
v0
u0
y
x cos (t ) cos t
v0
t 0 x
t
y
0 v0 dx 0 u0 sin (t ) dy
v0
v0 x
0
u0v0
y uv
cos (t ) 0 0 cos t
v0
u0
y
cos(
) 1
v0
u0
y u
y
x cos ( ) 0 sin( )
2
v0
2 v0
30
ds
u
v
x
s
y
dx uds 0 dx 0 u0 sin (t ) ds......1
v0
dy vds 0 dy 0 v0 ds...................... 2
from (2)
y v0 s................................................(3)
y
x
s
s
v s
x 0 dx 0 u0 sin t 0 ds 0 u0 sin(t s )ds
v0
t s
1
u0 t sin ( )d d ds
1
ds ( )d
u
u
0 cos tt s 0 cos(t s ) cos t
t
t s
t 0 x
t
u0
y
cos(
)
v0
u0
y
sin( )
v0
31
(b) Pathline
dx
y
u
dx
u
sin
(
t
) dt (1)
dx
udt
dt
0
v0
dy
dy
vdt
v
dy v dt (2)
0
dt
For t 0
From eq.(2)
y
dy u0 dt y 0 dy 0 v0t
y v0t (3)
eq. (1) & (3)
y
vt
dx u0 sin (t ) dt u0 sin (t 0 ) dt 0
y0
v0
x0
x0
....
for
t
0
..
..
v
t
y0
0
32
For t = /2
y
dy v 0 dt y dy v 0 dt
0
y v 0 (t
) (4)
dx u 0 sin (t
vo (t
dx u 0 sin t (t
)
2 ) dt
v0
) dt u 0 sin(
)dt
x u 0 (t
) (5)
2
pathline
from.eq.(4) & (5)
y vo
x u0
33
(c) Streakline
dx
y
u
v0
dy vdt
v dy
dy v0 dt (2)
dt
From eq. (2)
y
y dy v 0 dt...... for t
0
y v0 (t ) (3)
Form eq. (1) & (3)
v (t )
dx u 0 sin (t 0
) dt
v
0
u 0 sin (t t ) dt
dx u 0 sin( )dt
x
x dx sin( )dt
x (sin )(t ) (4)
from eq. (3) & (4)
v0
y
x sin
This is the streakline equation
34
35
V (t ) Conversion
discussed
in this
sec tion
V ( x, y , z , t ) a ( x , y , z , t )
F ma
36
V A V A (rA , t )
V x A (t ), y A (t ), z A (t ), t
xA
yA
zA
Location of moving particle
f (position , time)
V A
V A
V A
V A
dV A
dt
dx
dy
dz
t
x
y
z
dV A V A
V
V
V
aA
u A A v A A wA A
dt
t
x
y
z
For any particle
D
V
u
v
w
Dt
t
x
v
z
Du u
u
u
u
ax
u
v
w
Dt t
x
y
z
Dv v
v
v
v
ay
u v w
Dt t
x
y
z
Dw w
w
w
w
az
u
v
w
Dt
t
x
y
z
37
u
v
(4.5)
t
t
x
v
z
This is termed the material derivative or substantial derivative .
D
V ( 4.6)
Dt
t
where any fluid parameters, not just the acceleration.
D
Lagranigan description
Dt
Local acceleration or local derivative
t
0
for steady flow
t
No change in flow parameters at a fixed point in space if
the flow is steady .
38
Convective derivative
of the particle through space
39
Example 4.5
V0
Given : V xi yj
l
Determine : a ?
Solution :
v0 v0
v
v
V xi yj 0 x, 0 y
l
l
l
l
v0
v
x, v 0 y
l
l
v
v
v
v
v
dv v
a
u
v
w
u
v
dt t
x
y
z
x
y
v
note :
0
w0
t
v
v v v v0 v0
0 x 0 xi 0 yj 0 y
x0 i yj
l x l
l
l y l
l
2
v0 2
v0
i
yj
l
l
note u
v x
ax 02
l
v y
; ay 0 2
l
40
magnitude
of a
2
2
2
a ax a y az
2
v
0 x2 y2
l
direction of a
ay
y
tan
ax x
Velocity
v
V u2 v2 2 0
l
direction
tan
x2 y2
v
y
u
x
41
Definition :
System - - a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same
atoms or fluid particles), which may move, flow, and interact
with its surroundings.
Contorl volume - - a volume in space ( a geometric entity, independent
of mass) through which fluid may flow.
All of the laws governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic
form in terms of a system approach.
For example,
" The mass of a system remains constant "
or " The time rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to the
sum of all the force acting on the system. "
System - - - - -- Control volume (This chapter)
44
45
If B m V ( momentum )
If B E ( energy )
==> b = V
==> b = E/m e
m dV
B bm bdV
Bsys lim bi ( iVi )
v 0
sys
b dV
46
dBsys
dt
d ( bdV )
sys
dt
(4.8)
dBC .V . d ( C .V . bdV )
(4.9)
dt
dt
dBsys
dB
Re ynolds..transport ..theorem C .V .
dt
dt
Example 4.7
Discuss the differences between
dBsys
dBC .V .
and
if B mass
dt
dt
Solution :
Bm
dBsys
dt
dm sys
dt
d ( dV )
sys
dt
dBC .V . dmC .V . d ( C .V . dV )
t0
Choose system to be the fluid within the tank at the time the valve
was opened (t 0)
control volume to be the tank itself.
t 0 (the valve is opened)
part of the system has moved outside of the C.V.
t he control volume remains fixed.
d ( dV )
sys
dt
d (
C .V .
dV )
dt
48
l1 V1t
" Sys = C.V. - "
Assume
(A) that the fluid flows across section (1) and (2) in a
direction normal to these surfaces and
(B) that v1 and v2 are constants across section (1) and (2)
49
At
At t t
Bsys (t ) Bcv (t )
At
t=t
" Sys = C.V. "
t = t + t
" Sys = C.V. - "
At t = t + t
Bsys (t t ) Bcv (t t ) BI (t t ) BII (t t )
Bsys
Bsys (t t ) Bsys (t ) [ Bcv (t t ) BI (t t ) BII (t t )] Bsys (t )
t
t
t
Bcv (t t ) Bsys (t ) BI (t t ) BII (t t )
lim I
lim II
t 0
t 0
dt
dt
t
t
dBsys
dBcv
B in Bout
This is the Re ynolds Transport Theorem
50
dt
dt
dBcv
dBcv b1 1V b2 2V
Bin Bout
dt
dt
dt
t
t
dBcv b1 1V1 A1t b2 2V2 A2t
dt
t
t
dBsys
dBcv
dB sys
dBcv Bcv
B
B
B
u cv v cv w cv
dt
t
x
y
z
Note : u
dBsys
Bcv
B
B
v cv w cv 0.... for... fixed ..control ..volume
x
y
z
Bcv
b2 2V2 A2 b1 1V1 A1 (4.15)
dt
t
dBsys Bcv
or
51
Example 4.8
Write the appropriate form of the
Reynolds transport theorem for the flow.
Solution :
dBsys Bcv
dv ( VA) out
t cv
The mass in the tan k decreases in time is equal magnitude of
flow out.
52
dBcv
dBsys
dt
d
bd b (V cos dA) out b (V cos dA) in
dt cv
cs
cs
dBsys
bd b (v n )dA b (v n )dA
dt
dt cv
csout
csin
dBsys
dt
d
b
(
v
n )dA
dt cv
cs
v n 0 flow out of C.V
v n 0 flow carried int o the C.V
53
54
dBsys
dt
dBsys
dt
dBsys
dt
d
bd b (V cos dA) out b (V cos dA) in
dt cv
cs
cs
d
b
(
v
n
)
dA
(
v
n )dA
dt cv
csout
csin
d
b
(
v
n )dA
dt cv
cs
v n 0 flow out of C.V
v n 0 flow carried int o the C.V
- - At first it appears to be a rather formidable mathematical expression.
- - However , a physical understanding of the concepts involved will
show that it is a rather straightforward , relatively easy - to - use tool.
- -Its purpose is to provide a link between control volume ideas and system ideas .
55
Example 4.9 :
Given : Cars are driven into and out of a
certain neighborhood of a city as
is indicated as figure.
Use the Reynolds transport theorem to
discuss the time rate of change of the
number of cars within the neighborhood.
Solution;
C.V " neighborhood" 2 - D Control Volume
N the number of cars .
N sys # of cars in a system
( or a collection of cars that moves about and coincides
with the cars in the neighborhood at some initial time t 0 )
N cv # of cars in the neighborhood .
56
At t t 0 , N sys N cv
dN sys N cv
N out N in
dt
t
N out the net rate at which cars leave the neighbor (cars/hr)
dN sys
cvndA N i out N i in
dt
t
i
i
n density of cars throughout the neighborhood, (f(x, y, z) (number of cars per acre))
Physically this states that the rate at which the no. of cars in the system changes
with time is equal to the rate at which the number of cars in the neighborhood
changes with time, plus the net rate at which cars cross the neighborhood boundary.
57
cv
t
i
i
difference between the rate at which they are driven into the neighborhood
and the rate that they are driven out.
58
59
dBsys
( )
0
t
b (v n )dA
cs
dt
for..B m b 1
dmsys
(v n )dA
dt
dmsys
dt
cs
cs
0 (Conservation of mass)
(v n )dA 0 (net mass rate through the c.s.)
for B mv b v
d (mv ) sys
dt
v (v n )dA
cs
cs
v (v n )dA (net flux of momentum across the c.s)
60
( )
0
t
dv
(
v
n )dA
cs
dt
t cv
dBsys
bdv if (v n )dA 0
cs
dt
t cv
61
b (v n )dA
cv
dt
dt
dBcv
dBcv Bcv
B
B
B
u cv v cv w cv
dt
t
x
y
z
Let
w Relative velocity, that carries the fluid across the moving C.S.
v Absolute velocity, that carries the fluid across the fixed C.S.
the fluid velocity as seen by a stationary observer in a fixed
coordinate system.
62
Wcv V Vcv
or
V W Vcv
and
63
64
65