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Chapter 4 Kinematics of Fluid Motion

The slightest of shear stresses

cause
fluid motion

An appropriate inbalance of normal stress (pressure)

In the chapter - discuss various aspects of fluid motion without being concerned
with the actual force necessary to produce the motion,
i.e., consider the kinematics of the motion.

Kinematics of fluid motion - - (in this chapter)


- - the discussion of velocity and acceleration of the fluid,
and the description and visualization of its motion.

Dynamics of the motion - - ( in next chapter)


- - the analysis of the specific forces necessary to produce
the motion.

4.1 The Velocity field


In general,
fluid flows a net motion of molecules from one point in space to
another point as a function of time.
We employ the continuum hypothesis and consider fluids to be made up
of fluid particles that interact with each other and with their surroundings.
Each particle contains numerous molecules.
We can describe the flow of a fluid in terms of motion of fluid particles
rather than individual molecules.
This motion can be described in terms of the velocity & acceleration of
the fluid particles.

At a given instant in time,


description of any fluid property (such as , p , V , a T)
= f ( fluid' s location ) = f ( spatial coordinates)

field representation of flow.

For example,
T = T (x, y, z, t)

One of the most important fluid variables is the velocity field

V (x, y, z, t ) = u(x, y, z, t ) i + v(x, y, z, t) j + w(x, y, z, t) k

V (x, y, z, t) = u i + v j + w k =< u, v, w >

d rA
VA =
where r = position vector
dt
direction

V
speed

2
2
2
magntude V V u v w

dV

dt

a accleration

Example 4.1

V0
Given : V ( )( xi yj ) where V0 and l are constants
l
Determine : (a) At what location is the flow field is the speed equal to V0
(b) Make a sketch of the velocity field in the first quadrant .

Solution :
V V
V 0 xi 0 yj
l
l
V
V
u 0 x; v 0 y
l
l

v
v
v
Magnitude of V u 2 v 2 ( 0 x) 2 ( 0 y ) 2 0
l
l
l
V0

(
)y

y
1
l
Direction of V V tan
tan 1 ( )
(V0
x
).x
l

x2 y2

4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Description

Two general approaches in analyzing fluid mechanics problems


(1) Eulerian method - - - uses the field concept introduced above
- - the fluid motion is given by completely prescribing the necessary properties
(p, , v, etc.) f(space, time)
- - obtain information about the flow in terms of what happens at fixed points in
space as the fluid flows past those points
(2) Lagrangian method
- - The fluid particles are " tagged " or identified , and their properties determined as
they move.
- - involves following individual fluid particles as they move about and determined how the
fluid properties associated with these particles change as a function of time.

In fluid mechanics
use Eulerian method
Lagrangian information Eulerian data
(data)

(information)

4.1.2 One- , Two- , and Three- Dimensional flows



In general, V V ( x, y, z , t ) u (t ), v(t , ) w(t )
Three dimensional flow
For example , the flow of air past an airplane wing.
In many situations , one of the velocity components may be small
(in some sense ) relative to two other components
two - dimensional flow

V V ( x, y, t ) u (t ), v(t )
or
one - dimensional flow

V V ( x, t ) u (t )

or V V (r , t ) ur (t )

If one wishes to study the meandering of the river, it is necessary


to include three dimensional effect of flow.
If one wishes to know the flow rate in the river,
A simple one dimensional analysis may sufficient.

10

4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows


( )
0at fix po int
steady state
t
( )
0
unsteady state
t
where ( ) fluid properties

( )
( )
0 or
0
x
x
( )
( )
0 or
0
x
x

11

4.1.4 Streamlines , Streaklines , and Pathlines


In the visualization and analysis of flow fields, use
Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines
Streamlines
- -A line whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the velocity at that point
or
- -A line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant

V u i v j w k

d r dx i dy j dz k

V // d r

dx dy dz dr

ds
u
v
w V
where ds parameter introduced

12

Method A
Integration of
dx dy

u
v
dx
dy
or
u v

dx dy dz dr

ds
u
v
w V

etc.

13

dx dy dz dr

ds
u
v
w V

Method B

dx uds

dy vds
dz wds

x 0 dx uds c1
y

y 0 dy vds c2

Integration

z 0 dz wds c3

c1 , c 2 , and c3 can be obtained by using


the initial condition (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , t 0 ) at s 0
Then eliminate s to obtain the desired function
f(x, y, z, t) representing the streamline.
14

Flow Patten:
Streamlines; Streaklines; Pathlines; and Timelines
Streamline ( A line whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the velocity
at that point )

dr // v

(or A line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant)

dx dy dz dr

u
v
w
v
ds
parameter introduced

dx
ds u
dx uds

dy

v dy vds
ds
dz wds

dz

w
ds

Integration
x
x dx uds c1

y dy vds c2
0

z dz wds c3

or

dy vds
dz wds
x0
y

dx uds

y0
z

0
s
0
s

z0
0

c1 , c 2 , and c 3 can be obtained by using the initial


0

condition (x 0 , y 0 , z 0 , t 0 ) at s 0
Then eliminate s to obtain the desired function
f(x, y, z, t) representing the streamline.

15

Pathline (The trajectory of a single particle of fluid )


It is defined by integration of the relation between velocity and
displacement , such as
dx
dt u ( x, y, z , t )
dx udt

dy
dy

vdt
or
v ( x, y , z , t )

dz wdt
dt

dz
dt w( x, y, z, t )

Integrate with respect to time using condition (x 0 , y 0 ,z 0 , t 0 ) at s 0 .


Then , eliminate time to give the pathline function , f(x, y, z) .

16

Find the integration constants which cause the pathlines to pass through
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) at t 0

x0

y0

z0

dx udt
0

dy vdt
0

dz wdt
0

Then , eliminate t from the result to obtain the pathline

17

Streakline (A line joining the instantaneous position of a succession


of particles which have issued from one source or passed
through one point)
(or the locus of particles which have earlier passed through
a prescribed point)
To compute the streakline , take the integrated result of the following eqs.
dx
dt u ( x, y, z , t )

dy

v
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
t
)

dt

dz

w
(
x
,
y
,
z
,
t
)
dt

dx udt c
dy vdt c
dz wdt c

1
2
1

Find the integration constants which cause the pathlines to pass through
(x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) for a sequence of times < t.

x0

y0

z0

dx udt

dy vdt

dz wdt

Then , eliminate from the result to obtain the streakline

18

Timeline
- - A set of fluid particles
that form a line at given instant

19

(a) Streamline - Easier to calculate mathematically


Pathline

Streakline Easier to generate experimentally


Timeline

(b)
Streamline

Instantaneous lines .

Timeline
Pathline
Passage of line
streakline

(c) In steady flow


Streamlines Pathlines Streaklines

20

21

Example 8.1 (P.425 in R.A. Granger )

Given the velocity V (1 t ) xi (2 t ) yj


Find the equation of the
(a) Streamline
(b) Pathline , and
(c) Streakline .
Given that the common point all three is x 1, y 2, z 0 at t 0

22

Solution :

V (1 t ) xi (2 t ) yj
u (1 t ) x

v (2 t ) y

(a) Streamline :
dx dy dz

ds
u
v

dx

dx

ds

ds
(1 t ) x

dy
dy

ds
ds
v

(2 t ) y
Integration

dx
(1 t )ds
x
dy
(2 t )ds
y

ln x c1 (t )
s (1 t )
ln x (1 t ) s c11 (t )

1
ln y c 2 (t )
ln y (2 t ) s c 2 (t )
s

(2 t )
ln x c1 ln y c 2

(1 t )
(2 t )
(2 t ) ln x (2 t )c1 (t ) (1 t ) ln y (1 t )c 2 (t )

23

(2 t ) ln x (1 t ) ln y (1 t )c 2 (t ) (2 t )c1 (t )
ln x ( 2t ) ln y (1t ) c3 (t )
x ( 2t )
ln (1t ) ln c 4 (t )
y
x ( 2t )
(1t ) c 4 (t )
y
Initial Condition x 1, y 2, z 0 at t 0
1
c 4 (t )
2
x ( 2t ) 1
(1t )
2
y
y 1t 2 x ( 2t )

y 2x

1
( 2 t ) (1 t )

24

(b) Pathline :

dx
dx

(
1

t
)
x

dt
dt

v dy
(2 t ) y dy

dt
dt
1 2

t ln x c1 ( j )

2t 1 t 2 ln y c ( jj )
2

2
Initial Condition x 1, y 2, z 0 at t = 0

1
(1 t )dt dx
x
1
(2 t )dt dy
y

c1 0
c 2 ln y

1 2
t

t ln x (i )

2t 1 t 2 ln( y ) (ii )

2
2
eq.(ii ) eq.(i )
t ln( y ) ln x (iii )
2

eq.(i ) and eq.(iii )


1
ln( y ) ln x ln( y ) ln x
2
2

ln x

2
1
y
y
ln( ) ln x ln(
) ln x
2
2 x
2
2
1
y
y

ln( ) 2 ln x ln(
) 0 25
2
2
x

(c) Streakline
1

dx
dx

(
1

t
)
dt

dx
u

(
1

t
)
x

x
dt
dt

1
dy
dy
v
(2 t ) y
(2 t )dt dy

y
dt
dt

t
t

2t

(1 t )dt

or From Eq.(j) and Eq.(jj)

ln x 1

1
dx

1 x
t
y 1
(
2

t
)
dt

2 y dy
t

ln y 2

1 2
t

t ln x c1 ( j )

2t 1 t 2 ln y c ( jj )
2

2
x 1, y 2, z 0
t

1 2
2
t t
ln x
2
2
t2
2
2t 2
ln y ln 2
2
2

1 2

ln 1 c1

2 1 2 ln 2 c
2

2
1 2

1
2

c 2 1 2 ln 2
2
2

26

Substituting c1 and c 2 above into Eq.(j) and Eq.(jj)

1 2
1 2
t

ln
x

2
2

2t 1 t 2 ln y 2 1 2 ln 2

2
2
1 2
1 2

ln
x

( h)

2
2

2t 1 t 2 ln y 2 1 2 (hh)

2
2
2

Eq. (hh) - Eq.(h)


y
t ln ln x
2
y
t ln ln x
2
2x
t ln
(hhh)
y

Substituti ng Eq.(hhh) with Eq.(h)


1
2x 1
2x
t t 2 ln x t ln
(t ln ) 2
2
y 2
y

1 2
2x 1 2
2x
2x
x ln x ln
t 2t ln
(ln ) 2
2
y 2
y
y

1 2
2x 1 2
2x 1
2x
t ln x ln
t t ln
(ln ) 2
2
y 2
y 2
y
2x
2x 1
2x
ln x ln
t ln
(ln ) 2 0
y
y 2
y
For
t0
2x 1
2x
27
ln x ln
(ln ) 2 0
y 2
y

28

Example 4.3

y
Given : V u 0 sin (t ) i V0 j
v0

where u 0 , v0 and are constants


Determine :
(a) Streamline pass through origin (0,0) at t = 0 & t = /2
(b) pathline of the particle that was at origin (0,0) at t = 0 & t = /2
(c) streakline that passes through the origin (0,0) .

Solution :

y
V u0 sin (t
) i v0 j
v0

y
u u0 sin (t
)
v0

v v0
29

y
u u0 sin (t
)
v0

v v0

(a) Streamline - - method A


dx dy

u v

dx

dy
v0

y
u0 sin (t )
v0

y
v0 dx u0 sin (t ) dy
v0

y v0
v0 x u0 cos (t ) ( )
v0

u0
y
x cos (t ) cos t

v0

t 0 x
t

y
0 v0 dx 0 u0 sin (t ) dy
v0

v0 x
0

u0v0
y uv
cos (t ) 0 0 cos t

v0

u0
y
cos(
) 1

v0

u0
y u
y
x cos ( ) 0 sin( )
2

v0
2 v0

30

(a) Streamline - - method B


dx dy

ds
u
v

x
s
y
dx uds 0 dx 0 u0 sin (t ) ds......1
v0

dy vds 0 dy 0 v0 ds...................... 2
from (2)
y v0 s................................................(3)
y

eq.(1) & (3)

x
s
s
v s
x 0 dx 0 u0 sin t 0 ds 0 u0 sin(t s )ds
v0

t s
1
u0 t sin ( )d d ds

1
ds ( )d

u
u
0 cos tt s 0 cos(t s ) cos t
t

t s

t 0 x
t

u0
y
cos(
)


v0

u0
y
sin( )

v0

31

(b) Pathline

dx

y
u

dx

u
sin

(
t

) dt (1)
dx

udt

dt
0

v0

dy
dy

vdt

v
dy v dt (2)
0

dt

For t 0
From eq.(2)
y

dy u0 dt y 0 dy 0 v0t
y v0t (3)
eq. (1) & (3)

y
vt
dx u0 sin (t ) dt u0 sin (t 0 ) dt 0
y0
v0

dx 0... ...x 0(3a )

pathline from eq.(3) & (3a )]

x0
x0
....

for
t

0
..

..

v
t
y0

0
32

For t = /2
y

dy v 0 dt y dy v 0 dt
0

y v 0 (t

) (4)

eq. (4) & (1)

dx u 0 sin (t

vo (t

dx u 0 sin t (t

)
2 ) dt
v0

) dt u 0 sin(

)dt

dx u 0 sin dt... ...dx u 0 dt... ... dx u 0 dt


2
0
2
x

x u 0 (t

) (5)
2

pathline
from.eq.(4) & (5)
y vo

x u0

33

(c) Streakline

dx

y
u

dx udt dx u0 sin (t ) dt (1)


dt

v0

dy vdt
v dy
dy v0 dt (2)

dt
From eq. (2)
y

y dy v 0 dt...... for t
0

y v0 (t ) (3)
Form eq. (1) & (3)

v (t )
dx u 0 sin (t 0
) dt
v
0

u 0 sin (t t ) dt
dx u 0 sin( )dt
x

x dx sin( )dt
x (sin )(t ) (4)
from eq. (3) & (4)
v0
y

x sin
This is the streakline equation

34

35

4.2 The Acceleration Field


Lagrangian description
Fluid motion
Eulerian description

V (t ) Conversion
discussed
in this
sec tion

V ( x, y , z , t ) a ( x , y , z , t )

F ma

36

4.2.1 The Material Derivative


V A V A (rA , t )

V x A (t ), y A (t ), z A (t ), t
xA
yA
zA

Location of moving particle

f (position , time)

V A
V A
V A
V A
dV A
dt
dx
dy
dz
t
x
y
z

dV A V A
V
V
V

aA

u A A v A A wA A
dt
t
x
y
z
For any particle

D
V

u
v
w
Dt
t
x
v
z
Du u
u
u
u
ax

u
v
w
Dt t
x
y
z
Dv v
v
v
v
ay

u v w
Dt t
x
y
z
Dw w
w
w
w
az

u
v
w
Dt
t
x
y
z

37

u
v

(4.5)
t
t
x
v
z
This is termed the material derivative or substantial derivative .

D

V ( 4.6)
Dt
t
where any fluid parameters, not just the acceleration.
D
Lagranigan description
Dt

Local acceleration or local derivative
t

0
for steady flow
t
No change in flow parameters at a fixed point in space if
the flow is steady .

38

due to the convective, or motion,

Convective derivative
of the particle through space

39

Example 4.5

V0
Given : V xi yj
l

Determine : a ?

where v0 and l are cons tan ts

Solution :
v0 v0
v
v
V xi yj 0 x, 0 y
l
l
l
l
v0
v
x, v 0 y
l
l

v
v
v
v
v
dv v
a

u
v
w
u
v
dt t
x
y
z
x
y

v
note :
0
w0
t
v
v v v v0 v0
0 x 0 xi 0 yj 0 y
x0 i yj

l x l
l
l y l
l
2
v0 2
v0

i
yj
l
l

note u

v x
ax 02
l

v y
; ay 0 2
l

40


magnitude
of a

2
2
2
a ax a y az
2

v
0 x2 y2
l

direction of a

ay

y
tan

ax x
Velocity

v
V u2 v2 2 0
l
direction
tan

x2 y2

v
y

u
x

41

4.3 Control volume and system Representations

A fluid behavior is governed by a set of fundamental physical laws


- - Conservation of mass
- - Newton' s laws of motion
- - Law of thermodynamics
There are various ways that these governing laws can be applied to
a fluid, including
- - the system approach, and
- - the control volume approach.
42

Definition :
System - - a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same
atoms or fluid particles), which may move, flow, and interact
with its surroundings.
Contorl volume - - a volume in space ( a geometric entity, independent
of mass) through which fluid may flow.

System - - - - - Lagrangian flow description


[ we follow the fluid and observe its behavior as it moves about ]
Control volume - Eulerian flow description
[ we remain stationary and observe the fluid' s behavior at a fixed location ]
43

All of the laws governing the motion of a fluid are stated in their basic
form in terms of a system approach.
For example,
" The mass of a system remains constant "
or " The time rate of change of momentum of a system is equal to the
sum of all the force acting on the system. "
System - - - - -- Control volume (This chapter)

44

4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem.


We need to describe the laws governing fluid motion using both
system concept (consider a given mass of the fluid) and
control volume concept (consider a given volume)

Relationship between system


& control volume concept

. The Reynolds transport theorem

45

B fluid parameters (or fluid properties ), such as v , a , m, T , mv ......


b = amount of that parameter per unit mass, b = B/m
B = bm ( b & B may be scales or vectors )
If B = m ( mass )
==> b = 1
If B = 1/2 mV 2 ( kinetic energy) ==> b = 1/2 V 2

If B m V ( momentum )
If B E ( energy )

==> b = V
==> b = E/m e

B = extensive property = f ( mass being considered )


mass; momentum; energy; angular momentum
b = intersive property f ( mass )
For infinitesimal fluid particle of size, V
V 0

m dV
B bm bdV
Bsys lim bi ( iVi )
v 0

sys

b dV

46

dBsys
dt

d ( bdV )
sys

dt

(4.8)

dBC .V . d ( C .V . bdV )

(4.9)
dt
dt
dBsys
dB
Re ynolds..transport ..theorem C .V .
dt
dt

Example 4.7
Discuss the differences between
dBsys
dBC .V .
and
if B mass
dt
dt
Solution :
Bm
dBsys
dt

dm sys
dt

d ( dV )
sys

dt

time rate of change of mass within the system

dBC .V . dmC .V . d ( C .V . dV )

time rate of change of mass within the control volume.


47
dt
dt
dt

t0
Choose system to be the fluid within the tank at the time the valve
was opened (t 0)
control volume to be the tank itself.
t 0 (the valve is opened)
part of the system has moved outside of the C.V.
t he control volume remains fixed.
d ( dV )
sys

dt
d (

C .V .

dV )

dt

48

4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem


At t = t
The system occupying the control volume
" Sys = C.V. "
At t = t + t
The system moving slightly to the right
l2 V2t

l1 V1t
" Sys = C.V. - "

Assume
(A) that the fluid flows across section (1) and (2) in a
direction normal to these surfaces and
(B) that v1 and v2 are constants across section (1) and (2)

49

At

At t t
Bsys (t ) Bcv (t )

At

t=t
" Sys = C.V. "
t = t + t
" Sys = C.V. - "

At t = t + t
Bsys (t t ) Bcv (t t ) BI (t t ) BII (t t )

Bsys
Bsys (t t ) Bsys (t ) [ Bcv (t t ) BI (t t ) BII (t t )] Bsys (t )

t
t
t
Bcv (t t ) Bsys (t ) BI (t t ) BII (t t )

(note : Bsys (t ) Bcv (t ))


t
t
t
In the limit t 0
dBsys
dBcv
B (t t )
B (t t )

lim I
lim II
t 0
t 0
dt
dt
t
t

dBsys
dBcv

B in Bout
This is the Re ynolds Transport Theorem
50
dt
dt

dBcv
dBcv b1 1V b2 2V

Bin Bout

dt
dt
dt
t
t
dBcv b1 1V1 A1t b2 2V2 A2t

dt
t
t
dBsys
dBcv

b2 2V2 A2 b1 1V1 A1 This is the Reynolds transport theorem


dt
dt

dB sys

dBcv Bcv
B
B
B

u cv v cv w cv
dt
t
x
y
z

Note : u

dBsys

Bcv
B
B
v cv w cv 0.... for... fixed ..control ..volume
x
y
z

Bcv
b2 2V2 A2 b1 1V1 A1 (4.15)
dt
t
dBsys Bcv
or

(bVA) out (bVA)in (4.15a)


dt
t
Note :
dBsys
The rate of change of B within the system
dt
Bcv
The rate of change of B within the C.V.
t
(bVA) out The flux of B passing out of the C.V.

(bVA) in The flux of B passing into the C.V.

51

Example 4.8
Write the appropriate form of the
Reynolds transport theorem for the flow.
Solution :
dBsys Bcv

(bVA) out (bVA) in


dt
t
Bm
, b 1
dmsys
d v ( VA) out 0
dt
t cv

dv ( VA) out
t cv
The mass in the tan k decreases in time is equal magnitude of

flow out.

52

Arbitrary Control Volume


From Eq.(4.15a)
dBsys

dBcv

(bVA) out (bVA) in (4.15a)


dt
dt
dBsys
d
or
bd b( VA) out (bVA) in
dt
dt cv

dBsys
dt

d
bd b (V cos dA) out b (V cos dA) in

dt cv
cs
cs

dBsys

bd b (v n )dA b (v n )dA
dt
dt cv
csout
csin

dBsys
dt

d

b

(
v
n )dA

dt cv
cs


v n 0 flow out of C.V

v n 0 flow carried int o the C.V
53

54

Arbitrary Control Volume

dBsys
dt
dBsys
dt
dBsys
dt

d
bd b (V cos dA) out b (V cos dA) in

dt cv
cs
cs

d


b

(
v

n
)
dA

(
v
n )dA

dt cv
csout
csin

d

b

(
v
n )dA

dt cv
cs


v n 0 flow out of C.V

v n 0 flow carried int o the C.V
- - At first it appears to be a rather formidable mathematical expression.
- - However , a physical understanding of the concepts involved will
show that it is a rather straightforward , relatively easy - to - use tool.
- -Its purpose is to provide a link between control volume ideas and system ideas .
55

Example 4.9 :
Given : Cars are driven into and out of a
certain neighborhood of a city as
is indicated as figure.
Use the Reynolds transport theorem to
discuss the time rate of change of the
number of cars within the neighborhood.

Solution;
C.V " neighborhood" 2 - D Control Volume
N the number of cars .
N sys # of cars in a system
( or a collection of cars that moves about and coincides
with the cars in the neighborhood at some initial time t 0 )
N cv # of cars in the neighborhood .
56

At t t 0 , N sys N cv

dN sys N cv

N out N in
dt
t

N out the net rate at which cars leave the neighbor (cars/hr)

N in the net rate at which cars enter the neighbor (cars/hr)

dN sys

cvndA N i out N i in
dt
t
i
i
n density of cars throughout the neighborhood, (f(x, y, z) (number of cars per acre))

Physically this states that the rate at which the no. of cars in the system changes
with time is equal to the rate at which the number of cars in the neighborhood
changes with time, plus the net rate at which cars cross the neighborhood boundary.
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If the number of cars in the system remains constant in time


( i.e., cars are neither created nor destroyed), dN sys /dt 0

ndA Niout Niin 0

cv
t
i
i

ndA Niout Niin


t cv
i
i
The rate of increase of cars within a given neighborhood equals the

difference between the rate at which they are driven into the neighborhood
and the rate that they are driven out.

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4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative

59

For a steady flow

dBsys

( )
0
t


b (v n )dA

cs
dt
for..B m b 1

dmsys


(v n )dA

dt
dmsys
dt

cs

cs

0 (Conservation of mass)

(v n )dA 0 (net mass rate through the c.s.)

for B mv b v

d (mv ) sys
dt


v (v n )dA
cs

cs


v (v n )dA (net flux of momentum across the c.s)
60

For an unsteady flow


For an unsteady flow
dBsys

( )
0
t

dv

(
v
n )dA

cs
dt
t cv
dBsys

bdv if (v n )dA 0
cs
dt
t cv

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For moving control volumes


dBsys dBcv

b (v n )dA
cv
dt
dt
dBcv

control volume that moves, accelerates and deforms [vcv u, v, w ]


dt

dBcv Bcv
B
B
B

u cv v cv w cv
dt
t
x
y
z
Let

w Relative velocity, that carries the fluid across the moving C.S.

v Absolute velocity, that carries the fluid across the fixed C.S.
the fluid velocity as seen by a stationary observer in a fixed
coordinate system.
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Wcv V Vcv

or


V W Vcv

If we put an observe coordinates on control volume i.e. , Vcv 0



dB
B
then fluid velocity is W V Vcv cv cv
dt
t
dBsys Bcv

and

b[(v vcv ) n ]dA (4.23)


cv
dt
t

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Selection of a Control Volume


- -Any volume in space can be considered as a control volume.
- -C.V. may be of finite size or infinitesimal in size.
- -In most of our cases,
the C.V. will be a fixed, nondeforming volume.
In some cases, C.V. will be moved with constant velocity.

- -The ease of solving a given fluid mechanics problem is often vary


dependent upon the choice of the control volume used.
Only by practice can we develop skill at selecting the " best" control
volume . None are " wrong" , but some are " much better" than others.

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- -Solution of a typical problem will involve determining parameters such


as velocity, pressure, and force at some point in the flow field.
* It is usually best to ensure that this point is located on the control surface,
not " buried" within the control volume.
* The unknown will then appear in the convective term (the surface integral)
of the Reynolds transport theorem.
* If possible, the control surface should be normal to the fluid velocity so that

the angle (v n v cos ) in the flux terms will be 0 or 180 .
This will usually simplify the solution process.

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