Speeches

What needs to be present for a speech to

occur?
Speaker/Writer Message Audience

The Greek philosopher Aristotle and rhetoric

Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any

given case the available means of persuasion.

A closer look:
Message/Logos

Writer/Speaker:

evaluates knowledge

investigates perspectives

determines kinds of
evidence

What will the overall message

to the audience be?

Logos Logic

Offer clear, reasonable

evidence

Develop ideas with

appropriate details

Clear progression of ideas

A closer look:
Audience/Pathos

Writer/Speaker:

considers readers
expectations, knowledge and
disposition

use their own experience and

observations to decide how to
communicate with readers

Who is your audience and what

do they know/believe about the
message?

Pathos Emotion

Personal stories

Figurative language

Pull at the readers

heartstrings

Speaker/Ethos

Writer/Speaker:

uses who they are

uses what they know/feel

Uses what theyve

seen/done to find their
attitudes toward a
subject

makes decisions about

language and style

Why should your audience

find you credible?

Ethos Credibility

Knowledge about subject

Connections to audience

Research

Review What Youve

Learned
Read 2 articles
and analyze
them for the
three parts of
Aristotles
triangle.

Context and Purpose

Rhetoric is what we have instead of omniscience [knowledge

of everything] Ann Berthoff

Context the situation

in which the
writing and
reading occur.

Purpose the
reason the
author is
writing/speaking.

Review what youve

learned

What is the context

of the two articles
you read?

What is the authors

purpose in each of
the article you read?

Will the context be

relevant to the
audience next year?
In 10 years?

Is it easy for the

audience to
understand this
purpose?

A Writers Style

Syntax

The length and types of sentences a writer uses,

along with the order in which words are stated.

Used to enhance the meaning and effect of a

written work.

Ex: In natural English the subject of the sentence

comes before the verb: Oranges grow in California.

If you were going to play with the syntax you might

say: In California oranges grow.

Or if you want to sound like Yoda: Grow in California

oranges do.

By playing with Yodas syntax George Lucas was

able to create a memorable character.

Note often when you come upon a sentences that

doesnt seem to flow in a piece of writing or sounds
different than the other sentences around it you
might want to look at the syntax. Ask yourself: Is
this sentence shorter or longer than the others
around it? Does the subject come before the verb?

Diction/Word Choice

The writers use of particular types of words.

Used for many purposes word choice can affect the tone or
mood of a piece of writing, it can use the multiple
connotation and denotations of a word to give the work
multiple meanings and it can help clarify what the author
means. The right word can change the whole meaning of a
sentence. Remember that writers choose their words
carefully.

EX: For my part, I abominate all honorable respectable toils,

trials, and tribulations of every kind whatsoever.

Revision: For my part, I hate all respectable difficulties of every

kind.

Ex2: Words with unwanted connotations or meanings.

Example: I sprayed the ants in their private places.

Revision: I sprayed the ants in their hiding places.

Tone

The writers attitude toward his or her subject or toward his or her
readers.

Tone in writing is not really any different than the tone of your voice. You
know that sometimes it is not what you say, but how you say it.

It is the same with writing. Every adjective and adverb you use, your
sentence structure, and the imagery you use will show your tone.

The definition of tone is the way the author expresses his attitude
through his writing.The tone can change very quickly, or may remain
the same throughout the story. Tone is expressed by your use of syntax,
your point of view, your diction, and the level of formality in your writing.

Note how many of the types of style we have looked at work together
throughout a piece of literature and rely on one another to present a
whole meaning or purpose.

Examples of tone in a story include just about any adjective you can
imagine: Scared, Anxious, Excited, Worried, Foolish, Smart, Depressing

A Comparison of Tone

It was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man
who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the
electric light. In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the
dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he
was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference.

In Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place the tone is calm and

peaceful.

There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in
its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding
none. A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way
through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one
another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. It was
dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coachlamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the
reek of the labouring horses steamed into it, as if they had made it
all.

In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, the tone could be said to be

mysterious, secretive, ominous, or evil.

Lets Review What Weve

Learned

Looking again at the 2 articles weve read, how

would you describe the syntax, diction and tone
of each?

How do these help promote the authors

purpose?

How do these get the authors message across

to the audience?

Repetition

The repeated use of certain words, phrases

and sentences

Used to emphasize an idea or incite a feeling

Ex: We are compelled to fight the injustice

of low wage, the injustice of long hours, and
the injustice of child labor

Parallelism

The repetition of a grammatical structure

A different type of repetition

Used to emphasize or link related ideas

Ex: What do we want of these men? What do

we want of ourselves? (Hayden).

EX2: This is not only just what I wanted, but

also just what I needed.

Restatement

Expressing the same idea using different words

Again, another type of repetition

Used to emphasize a point or make a point

clearer

Ex: We can not dedicate we can not

consecrate we can not hallow this ground
(Lincoln).

Ex: I call not upon a few, but upon all; not on

this state or that state, but on every state
(Paine).
Notice that this example also uses parallelism

Lets Review What Weve

Learned

Lets practice using the words weve learned in

our own writing.

Figurative Language

Writing or speech not meant to be taken literally. Writers

use figurative language to express ideas in vivid and
imaginative ways.

Metaphor a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken

as though it were something else. The identification suggest
a comparison between the two things that are identified.

Ex: Death is a long sleep

Simile figure of speech that makes a direct comparison

between two subjects, using either like or as

Ex: The trees looked like pitch forks again the sullen sky

Imagery descriptive or figurative language used in

literature to create word picture for the reader. These
pictures, or images, are created by details of sight, sound,
taste, touch, smell, or movement.

Rhetorical Question

Calling attention to the issue by implying an

obvious answer

Used to emphasize a point or to make people

consider the answer.
Ex: Arent all people created equal?

Alliteration

the repetition of consonant sounds at the

beginning of words that are close to one
another.

Used to create a feeling or emphasize a

point.

Ex: beautiful blossoms blooming

between the bushes.

Were Ready!

Now that we have the foundational knowledge of

speeches and arguments we can take on our first
speech Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God