WASTEWATER

TREATMENT
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY

Key Words
Wastewater
Coagulation
Flocculation
Sedimentation
Screening
Discrete Settling
Hindered Settling
Compression

SEPTEMBER
2016

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING CSA-B/ GARBOSO, JANT ERBERT S.

WASTEWATER
Any method, technique, or process that
changes the physical, chemical, or
biological properties of any water or
wastewater in a way that neutralizes the
waste; recovers energy or material
resources from the wastewater ; or render
such waste non-hazardous and/or pollutive,
less hazardous and/or pollutive, safe to
manage, amenable to recovery and storage
or reduced in volume.
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Typical Wastewater Treatment Method

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Physical
Treatment

Stages of Wastewater Treatment

Primary treatment
Sedimentation and screening of large debris
Secondary treatment
Biological and chemical treatment
Tertiary treatment
Further chemical treatment

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Physical Treatment
SCREENING
SEDIMENTATION
CLARIFICATION/ COLOR REDUCTION
FILTRATION

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Screening
Removal of coarse and settable solid by interception.
Removes particles that are 2.5cm in diameter.
Types of screens
a. Inclined fixed screen
b. Rotary drum screen
c. Travelling screen
d. Centrifugal screen

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Screening

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Sedimentation

Separation from water, by

gravitational settling of suspended
particles that are heavier than water.
Sedimentation can remove about 20
to 40% of the BOD5 and 40 to 60% of
the suspended solids.

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Continuous Settling Tank

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General Design Parameters for

Sedimentation

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Coagulation and Flocculation

Once particle size decreases to 10 micron in diameter
or less, it is very difficult to remove the particles by
direct sedimentation in a reasonable amount of time.
And, as Stoke's Law indicates, there are only three
ways to increase a particle's settleability:
Increase the density of the particle relative to the
water
Reduce the viscosity of the water
Increase the effective size of the particles.
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 Coagulation- is the process of adding chemicals such as

aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, or polyelectrolytes to the
wastewater which causes the surface characteristics of the
suspended solids to be altered and precipitate.

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 Flocculation causes the suspended solids to coalesce.

Coagulation and flocculation can remove more than 80 percent
of suspended solids.

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 Inorganic Coagulants

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 With aluminum sulfate, optimum coagulation

efficiency and minimum floc solubility
normally occur at pH 6.0 to 7.0.
Iron coagulants can be used successfully over
the much broader pH range of 5.0 to 11.0. If
ferrous compounds are used, oxidation to
ferric iron is needed for complete
precipitation. This may require either chlorine
addition or pH adjustment.
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Color Reduction
The objective of clarification is the reduction of color.
Coagulation for color reduction is normally carried
out at pH 4.5 to 5.5.
Sulfate ions interfere with coagulation for color
reduction.
Ca and Mg ions improve the process and broaden pH
range in which color can be reduced.
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Types of Settling ( 3 )
Discrete settling - refers to the sedimentation of particles in a
suspension of low solids concentration. The particles settle as
individual entities, and there is no significant interaction with
neighboring particles. Follows the Newton's and Stoke's Law.

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 Compression -refers to settling in which

the particles are such concentration
that a structure is formed, and further
settling can occur only compression of
the structure. Usually occurs in the
lower layers of a deep sludge mass,
such as in the bottom of deep
secondary settling facilities and in
sludge-thickening facilities.
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 Hindered settling - refers to suspension of

intermediate concentration, in which inter particle
forces are sufficient to hinder the settling of
neighboring particles. The particles tend to
remain in fixed positions with respect to the
other, and the mass of particles settles as a unit.
Flocculant - refers to a rather dilute suspension of
particles that coalesce, or flocculate, during
sedimentation.
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Oil-Water Separation

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Filtration

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Accomplished by passing the wastewater to

be filtered through a filter bed composed of
granular material with or without the
addition of chemicals. Within the granular
filter bed, the removal of the suspended
solids contained in the wastewater is
accomplished by a complex process
involving one or more removal
mechanisms, such as straining,
interception, impaction, sedimentation, and
adsorption. The end of the filter run
(filtration phase) is reached when the
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 Schmutzdecke- Gelatinous layer on the surface of the gravity

sand filter in which mechanical straining and adsorption are
highest in the filter.

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Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a separation process which uses the action of
centrifugal force to promote accelerated settling of particles in
a solid-liquid mixture. Two distinct major phases are formed in
the vessel during centrifugation

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Centrifuge (Basket-Centrifuge)

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Secondary
Treatment
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Biological treatment is nothing but a
duplication of nature's self-purification
process under contained, concentrated,
and controlled conditions. The objectives of
the biological treatment of wastewater are
to coagulate and remove the non-settable
colloidal solids and to stabilize the organic
matter.

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Activated Sludge Prcoess

Theactivated sludge processis aprocessfor treating
sewage and industrial wastewaters using air and a
biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
Developed by Arden and Locket in 1914

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Conventional ASP

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Sequencing Batch Reactor

A sequencing batch Reactor (SBR)

is a fill-and-draw activated-sludge
treatment system. Aeration and
sedimentation/clarification are
carried out in both systems.

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 Trickling filters are beds of stones or corrugated plastic. The

primary wastewater is sprayed over the filter and microbes
decompose organic material aerobically.

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Anaerobic and
Aerobic
Wastewater

Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

Anaerobic wastewater treatment is the
biological treatment of wastewater without
the use of air or elemental oxygen.

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COD Balance

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Anaerobic Treatment: The COD in wastewater is highly converted to

methane, which is a valuable fuel.
Aerobic Treatment: The COD in wastewater is highly converted sludge,
a bulky waste product, which costs lots of money to get rid of. An aerobic
wastewater treatment facility is in essence a "waste sludge factory". - Elemental oxygen has to be
continuously supplied by aerating the wastewater at a great expense in
kilowatt
hours to operate the aerators.
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Tertiary
Treatment
Chemical Treatment

Chemical Treatment
These are the methods used in the
wastewater treatment which change is
brought about by means of or through
chemical reaction. One inherent
disadvantage, however, of these methods
compared with physical unit operations, is
that they are additive process. In most
cases, something is added to the
wastewater to achieve the removal of
something else.
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Neutralization
of acidic or alkaline wastes is a fundamental
requirements for pollution control. Discharge
to streams may call for control to range as
narrow as pH 5 to 8.5, while sewer
discharges may vary from pH 5 to 10.
Chemicals used in neutralizing acidic waste
are lime (CaO) and caustic soda (NaOH),
while for alkaline wastes is sulfuric acid.
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Chlorination
Liquid chlorine or as hypochlorite salts,
Ca(OCl)2 or NaOCl is the most common
chemical oxidant used in the wastewater
treatment. This is usually applicable to the
treatment of sulfides from refining wastes
and chemical plants, the destruction of
highly toxic cyanides from the wastewaters
of metal plating industries and the
destruction of organic matter from
municipal wastes.
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Chlorination Chemical Reactions

Organic matter from municipal wastes:
C + 2Cl2 + 2 H2O -> CO2 + 4HCl
Sulfides from refining wastes and chemical
plants
3Cl2 + H2S + 2H2O -> 6HCl + SO2
Cyanides from plating operations
4NaCN + 8NaOH + 4Cl2 ->2NaCNO + 8NaCl +
4H2O
2NaCNO + 4NaOH + 3 Cl2 -> 2CO2 + 6 NaCl + N2
+ 2H2O
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END