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How
you
doin’?
Malthus’ Theory of Population
Growth
In 1798 Thomas Malthus published
his views on the effect of population
on food supply. His theory has two
basic principles:
Population grows at a geometric rate Old dead guy
Population exceeds
carrying capacity…
Population is kept in
“check”– preventative
and/or positive checks
Esther Boserup’s Theory of
Population Growth
In contrast to Malthus, instead of too many mouths to
feed, Boserup emphasized the positive aspects of a
large population;
In simple terms, Boserup suggested that the more
people there are, the more hands there are to work;
She argued that as population increases, more
pressure is placed on the existing agricultural system,
which stimulates invention;
The changes in technology allow for improved crop
strains and increased yields.
I did the 100 metre
dash in a 90 metre
gym!
Anti-populationists vs. pronatalists
Malthus– anti-populationist
Echoed in recent debates by Paul Ehrlich, author of
The Population Bomb;
Ehrlich believed that the earth’s carrying capacity
would quickly be exceeded, resulting in widespread
famine and population reductions;
Boserup– pronatalist (cornucopian)
Echoed in recent debates by Julian Simon, who
opposed Ehrlich by using economic theories; ie.
Resources needed to support populations are
becoming more abundant, not scarcer;
The Demographic Transition Model
The model of demographic transition suggested that a population's mortality and
fertility would decline as a result of social and economic development. It
predicted that all countries would over time go through four demographic
transition stages.
STAGE 1– High Stationary or Pre-
Industrial
HIGH BIRTH RATES
Little or no family planning
Parents have many children because few survive
Many children are needed to work the land
Children are a sign of virility
Some religious beliefs and cultural traditions encourage large families
HIGH DEATH RATES
Disease and plague (e.g. bubonic, cholera, kwashiorkor)
Famine , uncertain food supplies, and poor diet
Poor hygiene, no piped clean water or sewage disposal