Basic of Networking

CYBER FORENSIC RESOURCE

CENTRE
NIELIT , Kohima

National Institute of Electronic and Information Technology, Kohima

Computer Network

Collection of computing devices that are connected in

various ways in order to communicate and share
resources

Usually, the connections between computers in a

network are made using physical wires or cables

However, some connections are wireless, using radio

waves or infrared signals

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Network Equipment
To connect multiple segments of networks into a larger one

Hub
A multiport repeater to enhance signal within the
same LAN

Switch
Like hub but with intelligent
Better performance

Router
Forward packets from one LAN to another

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Network Types

Peer to Peer
Windows 98/2000
Windows for Workgroups

Client Server (server-based)

Windows NT
Novell
Unix / Linux

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Server

File server A computer that stores and manages files

for multiple users on a network

Web server

A computer dedicated to responding to

requests (from the browser client) for web pages

Email Server A computer within your network that

works as your virtual post office

15-5

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Home Network Single Machine

Wall Jack

DSL/Cabl
e Modem

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USB/Ethern
et Cable

National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Home Network Multiple Machine

Wall Jack

DSL/Cabl
e Modem

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Hub/Switch/Router

USB/Ethern
et Cable

National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Home Network Multiple Machine

Wall Jack

DSL/Cabl
e Modem

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Ethernet
Cable

Hub/Switch/Router

National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Home Wireless Network

Wall Jack

DSL/Cabl
e Modem

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Ethernet
Cable

Hub/Switch/Router

National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

Connection Types

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LAN

WLAN

Dial-up Services

Broadband Services

WAN

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Local Area Network

A network of computers that are in the same physical

location, such as home or building

Usually connected using Ethernet

A standard on how computers communicate over a
shared media (cable)

Old: BNC connector for coaxial cable

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New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable

National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

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Wireless LAN

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)

A wireless technology that connects computers
without cables

Access Point (AP)

A device (base station) that connects wireless
devices together
Usually connected to a wired-network

ESSID (Extended Service Set ID)

A name for the AP, eg. mobilenet

Hotspot
The area covered by wireless access points

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

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Wireless LAN

Standard
802.11b - 11Mbps
802.11g - 54Mbps
802.11a - 54Mbps

2.4GHz
5GHz

Security
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
To prevent wardriving

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

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Wide Area Network

Connect larger geographic areas, such as India, the

United States, or the world.

Dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite uplinks may be

used to connect this type of network.

Connected through public networks such as telephone

lines , leased lines or satellites.

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Largest WAN is Internet.

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Intranet vs Internet
Intranet
A private network that is contained within
an enterprise
Could be LANs and WANs
Internet
A public network of networks

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Both are using TCP/IP

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TCP/IP

A family of protocols that makes the Internet works

The Robustness Principle

Be liberal in what you accept, and conservative
in what you send - Jon Postel

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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

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TCP/IP (Cont)
Application Layer
Eg. WWW, FTP, IRC, Email, telnet,
Transport Layer
Eg. TCP, UDP
Network Layer
Eg. IP
Link Layer
Eg. Ethernet, WiFi
Physical Layer
Eg. Ethernet Cable, fiber-optics
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Data
Segments
Packets
Frames
Bits

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Packets

A small chunk of data transmitted over the Internet

Alice

Bob

The
The
Internet
Internet
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National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Kohima

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DNS Domain Name System

Domain name to IP address conversion

Eg. www.google.com ??.???.??.??

Domain name or IP address lookup

http://cqcounter.com/whois/

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Thank You