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Nouns
Noun
a w0rd used to identify any of a
class of people, places, plants,
animals, things, events, or ideas
common noun, or to name a
particular one of these proper
noun.
Characteristics of Noun
1. They have plural and possessive forms.
Proper Noun
A noun that refers to a specific
person, place, thing, event or
idea.
Ex.
Galileo Galilee, Simba, Deep Blue,
Death March, Marxism
Common Noun
A noun that refers to a generic
person, place, thing, event, or
idea.
Ex.
scientist, river, island, lion, computer,
revolution, ideology
Concrete Noun
A noun that refers to a generic
person, place, thing, event, or
idea.
Ex.
blackboard, bluebird, greenhouse,
yellow ball, greyhound, body odor
Abstract Noun
A noun that refers to
something that cannot be
perceived by the senses.
Ex.
White lie, ecstasy, principle,
philosophy, value, harmony, love,
integrity
Collective Noun
A noun that refers to collection
of persons, places, things, or
ideas.
Ex.
Entourage, bouquet, company, troupe,
exaltation, parliament
Non-collective Noun
A noun that does not refers to
collection of persons, places,
things, or ideas.
Ex.
Bridegroom, carnation, balladeer, ballerina,
bishop, lawmaker, representatives
Count Noun
A noun that refers to
something that can be
counted.
Ex.
Journal, message, oil, mineral water,
fax machine, kilowatt, mega byte
Singular Noun
A noun that refers to only one
person, places, thing, event or
idea.
Ex.
Camouflage, diary, tooth, louse,
sheep, apendix
Plural Word
A noun that refers to places
things we more person
Ex.
Camouflage, diaries, teeth, lice,
shee, apendices
Simple Noun
A noun that is composed of
only one word.
Ex.
Editor, officer, book, tooth, bank,
pen
Compound Noun
A noun that is composed of
two or words.
Ex.
Editor-in-chief, Officer-in-charge,
bookworm, tooth pick, bank run,
pentel pen
Masculine Noun
A noun that refers to a person,
animal or thing of the male
kind.
Ex.
Duke, aviator, boy, songster, hero,
chauffeur, fianc
Feminine Noun
A noun that refers to a
person, animal, or thing of
the female kind.
Ex.
Duchess, aviatrix, girl, songstress,
heroine, chauffeuse, fiancee
Common Noun
A noun that refers to a person,
animal, or thing of either the male
or the female kind
Ex.
Ruler, pilot, singer, character, driver,
lover, monarch
Neuter Noun
A noun that refers to an
inanimate object, idea, or thing of
neither the male nor the female
kind
Ex.
illness, test book, footprint, sand
castle, snowstorm
Subject
Direct Object
A noun that receives directly
the action of the verb
Ex.
Many people dread SARS. WE
Worship GOD.
Indirect Object
A noun that receives indirectly
the action of the verb.
Ex.
He give the patient a mask for
SARS
Object of Verbal
A noun that serves as an
object of a gerund, participle,
or infinitive
Ex.
Washing hands frequently is a
way of avoiding SARS.
To love God is to love ones
enemies.
Objective Complement
A noun that serves to
complement a direct object.
Ex.
They called the killer pneumonia SARS.
He considers himself God.
Subjective Complement
A noun that serves to
complement a subject.
Ex.
That deadly desease is SARS.
Love is God.
Nominative Address
A noun that is used in direct
address
Ex.
SARS what have you done?
God, have mercy on us.
Appositive
A noun that identifies or
describes another noun before
it
Ex.
The killer disease, SARS, affected the
whole world.
The creator of mankind, God, is all
loving.
GENDER
MASCULINE
FEMININE
adult person
man
woman
chair person
chairman
chairwoman
chicken
rooster
hen
child
boy
girl
child
son
daughter
Child-in-law
Son-in-law
Daughter-in-law
cleaner
janitor
Janitress
Clothes designer
couturier
couturiese
COMMON
Clothes washer
laundryman
Laundrywoman
cow
bull
Debut celebrator
debutant
deer
stag
Doe
deity
god
goddess
dog
dog
bitch
driver
chauffeur
chauffeuse
Engaged one
Fianc
Fiance
Food server or
attendant
Go-between
Waiter
waitress
mediator
mediatrix
godchild
godson
goddaughter
godparent
godfather
godmother
She-saw
Debutante
grandchild
hairstylist
grandson
coiffeur
granddaughter
coiffeuse
pilot
aviator
aviatrix
poet
poet
poetess
priest
priest
prietress
protagonist
hero
heroin
salesperson
salesman
saleswoman
servant
Man-serxant
Woman-servant
sheep
ram
eve
sibling
brother
sister
Sibling-in-law
Brother-in-law
Sister-in-law
singer
songster
songstress
Stage performer
Stage actor
Stage actress
teacher
instructor
instructress
teenager
lad
lass
dancer
danseur
danceuse
thespian
actor
actress
Un married one
bachelor
bachelorette
Wed one
groom
bride
Widow one
widower
widower
PERSONAL NOUNS
THING
INVOLVED
GIVER
RECEIVER
award
sponsor
awardee
benefit
benefactor
beneficiary
care
Care giver
Cared one
communication
sender
sendee
consignment
consignor
consignee
donation
donor
donee
examination
examiner
examinee
grant
grantor
grantee
inheritance
inheritor
heir
lease
lesson
lessee
loan
creditor
debtor
\love
lover
beloved
merchandise
seller
buyer
payment
payor
payee
protector
protector
protegee
test
tester
testee
training
trainor
trainee
trust
trustor
trustee
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
COLLECTIVE
NOUNS
ANIMAL
COLLECTIVE
NOUNS
ANIMAL
barren
mules
hill
ruffs
bevy
quails
host
sparrow
bevy
roes
kindel
kittens
brace
bucks
labour
moles
brood
covey
leap
leopards
brood
hens
litter
cubs
bunch
wigeon
litter
whelps
bunch
teal
murmuration
starlings
cast
hawks
muster
peacucks
cete
badgers
nest
rabbits
Charm
goldfinches
nide
pheasamt
chattering
choughs
herd
asses
clowder
cats
pack
grouse
collony
gulls
cry
hounds
covert
coots
herd
wolves
covey
partriges
padding
ducks
cowardise
curs
plump
wildfowl
desrt
lapwings
plod
whiting
dopping
sheldrake
pride
lions
Down
hares
rag
colts
herd
cattle
richness
marten
exaltation
larks
run
poultry
fail
woodcocks
run
whales
string
racehorse
Gum
porpoises
flight
Wigeon flying
siege
bitterns
flight
doves
siege
herons
flight
swallows
glean
hearrings
flight
dunlins
haul
fish
knob
pochards
shrewdness
apes
flight
pigeons
geins
Geese flying
flock
sheep
skulk
foxes
gaggle
geese
sute
mallareds
flight
birds
sounder
boars
gaggle
Ground geese
sounder
swine
gang
wlk
stand
plovers
harrase
horses
stud
mares
herd
antelopes
swarm
insects
herd
buffaloes
swarm
bees
herd
cranes
cloud
groats
herd
curlews
tok
capercailzies
herd
deer
team
Ducks flying
Herd
giraffs
troop
kangaroos
tribe
goats
troop
monkeys
herd
seals
walk
snipe
Bevy
swans
watch
nightingales
herd
pones
drove
oxen
herd
swine
CHAPTER
2
PRONOUNS
Pronouns
Classification of
Pronouns
Personal Pronoun
A pronoun that refers to one or more
persons , place, things, even or ideas.
Ex.
I, you, she, it, we, they
Relative Pronoun
A pronoun that is used to
introduce a relative clause..
Ex.
The room where I study is cozy.
Lets meet at a time when were both
free.
The lady who is in red is the celebrator.
Demonstrative Pronoun
A pronoun that gives indefinite
reference to one or more persons,
place, things, events, or ideas.
Ex.
This is a good place for a rest.
Dont you know that?
Such is a nice idea.
Interrogative
Pronoun
A pronoun that is used to
introduce an interrogative
sentence
Ex.
Who gave you the authority to
print those?
What is the date today?
Whose pen is this ?
Reflexive Pronoun
A pronoun that is used to
indicate that the doer and the
receiver of the action are the
same .
Ex.
Youre selfish that you love yourself
too much.
Intensive Pronoun
A pronoun that is used to show
emphasis .
Ex.
I myself cooked this dish.
Reciprocal Pronoun
A pronoun that is used to show
reciprocity of action.
Ex.
We are all brothers that we
have to take care of one
another
Singular Pronoun
A pronoun that refers to only
one person, place, thing,
event or idea
Ex.
I am a Filipino.
Plural Noun
A pronoun that refers to two or
more persons, places, things,
events or ideas
Ex.
We are Filipinos.
First-person Pronoun
A personal pronoun that
refers to the speaker or
person speaking.
Ex.
I love the Philippines.
Second-person
Pronoun
Third-person Pronoun
A personal pronoun that refers
to the person spoken of or
about .
Ex.
He enjoys playing basketball.
Objective Pronoun
A pronoun that is used as
direct object, indirect object,
object of the preposition,
object of the verbal, or object
complement
Ex.
I will see him or her.
Possessive Pronoun
A pronoun that indicates
possession
Ex.
This land is mine
Masculine Pronoun
A pronoun that refers to the
person, animals, or thing of
the male kind
Ex.
Juliet loved him so much because of
his goodness.
Feminine Pronoun
A pronoun that refers to a person,
animal, or thing of the female kind
Ex.
Her parents and siblings depend upon
her.
Neuter pronoun
A pronoun that refers to an
inanimate object, idea, or thing
of neither the male nor the
female kind
Ex.
It is saleable because of its durability.
NOMINATIVE
POSSESSIVE OR
GENITIVE
OBJECTIVE
MY/MINE
ME
PLURAL
WE
OUR/OURS
US
SECOND PERSON
SINGULAR
YOU
PLURAL
YOU
THIRD PERSON
SINGULAR
HE/SHE/IT
HIS/HER/HERS/ITS
HIM/HER/IT
PLURAL
THEY
THEIR/THEIRS
THEM
EXAMPLES
CHAPTER
3
VERBS
VERBS
Compared to nouns , verbs are
major words: however, they are
less numerous. They differ from
other parts of speech because
their function is to assert
actions with condition ,and
states of being.
Tense
Use
Examples
SIMPLE
Past
Present
Future
To Indicate a past
action or condition
To Indicate a
present action or
condition
We Talk about
electoral reforms
(Present Action)
To Indicate a future
action or condition
PERFECT
Use
Example
Past
Present
or condition perfected or
completed before the time
of speaking
Future
Progressive/
Continuous
Past
Present
I am listening as
you are talking
(Present action)
Future
It will be raining
tomorrow (Future
Condition)
Perfect Progressive/
Perfect Continuous
Past
Present
Future
Emphatic
Past
Present
Future
To emphasize a past
action or condition
To emphasize a
present action or
condition
To emphasize a
future action or
condition
IRREGULAR VERBS
Base
Past
Past Participle
Understand
understood
Understood
Present
Participle
understanding
undertake
undertook
undertaken
Undertaking
Undo
unmake
unwind
uphold
wake
waylay
wear
wed
wet
wind
Withhold
Undid
unmade
unwound
upheld
woke
waylaid
wore
wed
wet
wound
Withheld
undone
unmade
unwound
upheld
woke
waylaid
worn
wed
wet
wound
withheld
undoing
Unmaking
Unwinding
Upholding
Waking
Waylaying
Wearing
wedding
Wetting
winding
withholding
EXAMPLES
A voter elects from the list of
candidates.
An Atom Splits
I am a Filipino
We are Filipino
You are Filipino
We are Filipino
Past
Past Participle
Present
Participle
Group A
put
put
put
putting
set
set
set
setting
cast
cast
cast
casting
cut
cut
cut
cutting
let
let
let
letting
Group B
bring
brought
brought
bringing
teach
taught
taught
teaching
think
thought
thought
thinking
catch
caught
caught
catching
seek
sought
sought
seeking
Group c
freeze
steal
swear
get
hide
group d
fall
give
drive
take
rise
group e
swim
sing
ring
drink
sink
group f
run
come
become
froze
stole
swore
got
hid
frozen
stolen
sworn
gotten
hidden
fell
gave
drove
took
rose
fallen
given
driven
taken
risen
swam
sang
rang
drank
sank
falling
giving
driving
taking
rising
swum
sung
rung
drunk
sunk/sunken
ran
came
became
freezing
stealing
swearing
getting
hiding
swimming
singing
ringing
drinking
sinking
run
come
become
running
coming
becoming
BASE
IRREGULAR VERBS
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
arise
be
bear
become
beget
behold
bind
bleed
blow
bring
broadcast
arose
was/were
bore
became
begot
beheld
bound
bled
blew
brought
broadcast
arisen
been
born/borne
become
begotten
beheld
bound
bled
blown
brought
broadcast
arising
being
bearing
becoming
begetting
beholding
binding
bleeding
blowing
bringing
broadcasting
buy
cast
catch
come
cut
creep
dive
draw
drink
bought
cast
caught
came
cut
crept
dove
drew
drank
bought
cast caught
come
cut
crept
dove
drawn
drunk
driven fallen
buying
casting
catching
coming
cutting
creeping
diving
drawing
drinking
drive
fall
drove
fell
fed
felt
driving
falling
feed
feel
fight
find
flee
fed
felt
fought
found
tied
fought
found
fled
flown
forgotten
feeding
feeling
fighting
finding
fleeing
fly
forget
fortell
forgive
flew
forgot
foretold
forgave
foretold
forgiven
frozen
got/ngotten
flying
forgetting
foretelling
forgiving
freeze
get
drive
understand
froze
got
gave
understood
given
understood
undertaken
understood
freezing
getting
giving
understanding
undertake
undertook
undertaken
undertaking
undo
unmake
unwind
uphold
wake
waylay
wear
wed
wet
undid
unmade
unwound
upheld
woke
waylaid
wore
wed
wet
undone
unmade
unwound
upheld
woke
waylaid
worn
wed
wet
undoing
unmaking
unwinding
upholding
walking
wayiaying
wearing
wedding
wetting
base
go
grind
grow
have
hide
hit
hurt
hold
keep
lay
lead
lend
let
lie
make
meet
mistake
outshine
override
overtake
pay
put
recast
remake
past
went
ground
grew
had
hid
hit
hurt
held
kept
laid
led
lent
let
lay
made
met
mistook
outshone
overrode
overtook
paid
put
recast
remade
past participle
gone
ground
grown
had
hidden
hit
hurt
held
kept
laid
led
lent
let
lain
made
met
mistaken
outshone
overriden
overtaken
paid
put
recast
remade
present participle
going
grinding
growing
having
hiding
hitting
hurting
holding
keeping
laying
leading
lending
letting
lying
making
meeting
mistaking
outshining
overriding
overtaking
paying
putting
recasting
remaking
repay
resell
retell
rend
rid
ride
ring
rise
run
say
seek
sell
send
set
shine
shoot
show
shut
sing
sink
repaid
resold
retold
rent
rid
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
sought
sold
sent
set
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
sank
repaid
resold
retold
rent
ridden
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
sought
sold
sent
set
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
sunk/sunken
repaying
reselling
retelling
rending
ridding
riding
ringing
rising
running
saying
seeking
selling
sending
setting
shining
shooting
showing
shutting
singing
sinking
sit
split
stand
steal
stick
spring
strike
string
sat
split
stood
stole
stuck
sprung
struck
strung
sat
split
stood
stolen
stuck
stunk
sprung
struck/striken
sitting
slitting
speaking
speeding
splitting
standing
stealing
stringing
swear
sweep
swim
swore
swept
swam
sworn
swept
swum
swearing
sweeping
swimming
CHAPTER
4
ADJECTIVES
A side from nouns and verbs, adjectives are major words. Opposed to
nouns and pronouns which are naming words, adjectives are modifying
words similar to adverbs. However, unlike adverbs , they modify nouns and
pronouns. Adjectives differ from other parts of speech because of the
following characteristics:
3. They have such ending (suffixes) as ial, al, ian, an, ant, ent, ary, ery, ory,
ic, ical, ible, able, ive, some, ful, less, ish, id, oid, ly, like, etc. (Refer to
Derivational Suffixes in Appendix A);
4. They are positioned either before nouns and pronouns (premodifiers) and after nouns and pronouns (post-modifiers);
5. They are sometimes found in a series as shown in the table below; and
6. They are combined with other adjectives, nouns and verbs to form
solid compounds (blackboard, light weight, nearsighted) hyphenated
compounds (blue-blooded, light-handed, green-minded), and spaced
compounds (pink panther, fine dining, white lie).
CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES
KIND
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES
Descriptive
Adjective
large, attractive,
rectangular, fuchsia, new,
Mexican ( scarves)
Definite Article
Indefinite
Article
a story, a character, an
editor, an author
Ordinal
Numerical
Adjective
Cardinal
Numerical
Adjective
Demonstrative
Adjective
Indefinite
Adjective
Possessive
Adjective
my uniform, our
uniforms, her dress,
their dresses
Interrogative
Adjective
which bookshelf,
whose books, what
occupation
Common
Nominal
Adjective
Proper Nominal
Adjective
CCP handbook,
Chemistry manual,
PICPA journal, CUSA
activity
Attributive
Adjective
Predicative
Adjective
Regular
Adjective
Irregular
Adjective
well/good-better-best.
Far-farther-further-farthestfurthest.
ill/bad-worse-worst.
Positive
Adjective
Fe is a fast thinker.
Comparativ
e Adjective
Superlative
Adjective
Simple
Adjective
Compound
Adjective
Hard-working,
environment friendly,
noteworthy,
boldfaced, well-known,
good-looking.
FORMS OF IRREGULAR
ADJECTIVES
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
bad/ill
worse
worst
far(distance)
farther
farthest
far(time)
further
furthest
good
better
best
little
less
least
much
more
most
well
better
best
CHAPTER
5
ADVERBS
Adverbs
CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES
KIND
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES
Adverb
of
Time
Adverb
of
Place
Adverb
of
Manner
Adverb
of
Adverb
of
Degree/Intensity
Adverb of Affirmation
Adverb of
Doubt/Uncertainty
Adverb of Negation
Interrogative Adverb
Positive Adverb
Comparative Adverb
Superlative
Adverb
Regular Adverb
Soon-sooner-soonest
Early-earlier-earliest
Lately-more lately-most
lately
Irregular Adverb
Well-better-best
Badly-worse-worst
Much-more-most
Simple Adverb
Compound
Adverb
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
badly
worse
worst
Far(distance)
farther
farthest
Far(time)
further
furthest
ill
worse
worst
little
less
least
much
more
most
well
better
Best
COMPARATIVE
(2Items)
POSITIVE
(1Item)
COMPARATIVE
(2Items)
SUPERLATIVE
(3+items)
Least near
Less near
near
nearer
Nearest
Least fast
Less fast
fast
faster
Fastest
Least surely
Less surely
surely
More surely
Most surely
Least coldly
Less coldly
coldly
More coldly
Most coldly
Least firmly
Less firmly
firmly
More firmly
Most firmly
Least mildly
Less mildly
mildly
More mildly
Most mildly
Least often
Less often
often
More often
Most often
Least rarely
Less rarely
rarely
More rarely
Most rarely
Least usually
Less usually
usually
More usually
Most usually
Least forward
Less forward
forward
More forward
Most forward
Least sincerely
Less sincerely
sincerely
More sincerely
Most sincerely
Least selfishly
Less selfishly
sincerely
More selfishly
Most selfishly
Least angrily
Less angrily
Angrily
More angrily
Most angrily
Least rigidly
Less rigidly
Rigidly
More rigidly
Most rigidly
Least sanely
Less sanely
sanely
More sanely
Most sanely
CHAPTER
6
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions
Are classified among the minor word sand
primarily,
they serve to connect words, phrases,
clauses and sentences.
Characteristics of Conjunctions
1.They are found in coordination structures between
words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
.
2.They are used to introduced
subordinate or dependent clauses.
Coordination of Phrases
Examples:
both the beauties and the beast (coordinator links noun
phrases) occupies space and has mass (coordinator links verb
phrases) either to pursue graduate studies here or to work
abroad (coordinator links infinitive phrases) of the people ,by the
people and for the people (coordinator links prepositional
phrases) neither listening to radio programs nor watching TV
shows (coordinator links gerundial/participial phrases) quite
short but somewhat boring (coordinator links adjective phrases)
Coordination of Clauses
Examples:
Hero is brave, moreover he is smart.( coordinator
links independent clauses) who will arrive first and
who will finish first ( coordinator links dependent
clauses)
Coordination of Sentences
They learned the lesson well.However,they flunked.
(coordinator links sentence) Mario has just left for
the States.Moreover,he has not failed to
communicate with us.(coordinator links sentences)
Classifications of Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions
-A conjunctions that joins two or more coordinate words,
phrases, clauses or sentences.
Ex. singing or dancing
Correlative Conjunctions
-A pair of conjunctions that join two coordinate words,
phrases or clauses.
Ex. neither singing or dancing
Conjunctive Adverb/Adverbial Conjunction
-A conjunction serves as an adverb
Ex. Lea is a good leader moreover she is a good follower.
.
Subordinating Conjunctions
-A conjunctions that is used to
introduced a subordinate or
dependent clause.
Ex. The street are flooded because
it rained earlier
Additive Words
-denote addition of qb idea
Ex. also,and,beside,furthermore,in
addition,additionally,moreover,too
Equivalent Words
-show equivalence in idea or quality.
Ex. as well as,at the same time,equally
important,likewise,similarly.
Amplifying Words
-indicate the existence of an example or ab illustration.
Alternative Words
-show the existence of choices or alternatives.
Ex. either/or,neither/nor,other than,otherwise .
Repetitive Words
-indicate repetition of an idea.
Ex. again, to repeat, in other words, that is Contrastive and Change
Words
-denote contrast or opposite ideas.
Ex. but, conversely, despite, even though, however, in spite of, the
contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, regardless, though, not
withstanding, rather than, still, although, whereas, while, yet
Qualifying Words
-words that qualify ideas.
Ex. although, if, provided that, unless, whatever. Concession Words
-denote concession.
Ex. accepting the data, even though, granted that, of course.
Emphasizing Words
-Words that give emphasis.
Ex. above all, indeed, more important, more importantly
Sequential Words
-words that show order
Ex.
finally,first,second,third,last,next,then,eventually,firstly,lastly,secondly
Temporal Words
-words that indicate time.
Ex. Afterwards ,at the same
time,before,formerly,later,previously,then,subsequently,ultimately,unti
l,while,finally,in the meantime, meanwhile
Summative/Summarizing Words
-words that summarize.
Ex. briefly, in these reason, in conclusion, to conclude, to summarize,
to sum up, to end, as a summary, in short.
Causative Words
-Words that denotes causes.
Ex. because of, because, due to , owing to, out of, inasmuch as,
since ,for this reason
Consequential Words
-Words that denote effects or
consequences. Ex. therefore,
hence, thus, as a result, as a
consequently, so, then ,accordingly.
CHAPTER
7
PREPOSITION
Preposition
A word governing, and usually
preceding, a noun or pronoun and
expressing a relation to another
word or element in the clause.
Meaning
Bring down
To cause to fall
Bring up
To rear
Give in
Give out
To yield
To distribute
Give up
To quit/to surrender
Hold out
To offer
Hold up
To delay; to impede
Look at
Look background
Look down upon
Look for
Look forward
Look forward to
Look into
Look on
Look out
Look over
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
observe
retrospect, To reminisnce
little; to debase
find; to search
predict; to foresee
antipate; to expect
investigate
watch; to view
watch over
browse
Look up to
To pay respect
Set aside
Set up
Stand by
Stand for
Stand off
Stand up to
Take way
Take down
To keep
Take for
Take in
Take off
Take on
Take out
Take over
Take up
To establish
To be present
To present
To repel; to stall
To defend
To deduct; to remove
To write from dictation
To mistake for
To absorb
To remove
To assume
To eliminate, to withdraw/withhold
To replace
To discuss
Classification of Prepositions
1. Temporal Preposition
- a preposition that denotes time
e.g. Will school open in September ?
Classes start at 7:45 am
2. Spatial Preposition
- it denotes the location, position or direction
e.g. She stays in an apartment
Get out of your shell
3. Relational Preposition
- denote the relationship between the object of
the preposition and another word in the sentence
e.g. He is a Doctor by profession
The two countries are at war
4. Instrumental Preposition
- denotes the instrument
e.g. Slice it with the bread knife
The child was save by her sister
5. Causal/Causative Preposition
- Shows the cause effect relationship
e.g. We were born because of love
Many were stranded due to storm
6. Comparative Preposition
- denotes similarity
e.g. Treat me like a rose
You look like your mother
7. Contrastive Preposition
- denote dissimilarity
e.g. Unlike me, you came from a well-to-do family
They love basketball unlike football
8. Replacive Preposition
- denotes substitution
e.g. The nurse in place of the physician took the
patient vital statistic
9. Possessive Preposition
- denotes possession
e.g. One leg of the table is broken
The arms of the starfish are long
CHAPTER
8
INTERJECTIONS
Interjection
Classification of Interjection
1.Strong Interjection
An interjection that expresses a strong
emotion or sudden felling
e.g. Ouch! It hurt.
Fire! Our houses are burning.
2.Mild Interjection
An interjection that expresses a mild
emotion
e.g. Oh, you look awful.
Hey, its me.
5.Aye/ay
-Expression of affirmation
6.Eh
-Expression used to confirm or require
7.Ha
- Expression of surprise, joy, and sometimes
hesitation
8.Heigh/ho
-Expression of boredom, weariness; cry of
encouragement
9.Hello
-Expression of greeting or surprise
10.Hey/heigh
-Expression of interrogation, surprise; used to call
attention
11.Hi
-Expression of greeting
12.Ho
-Expression used to attract attention to something
specified
13.Holla/hollo/hallo/halloo
-Expression of encouragement or jubilation
14.Hurrah/hurray
-Expression of joy, approbation, or encouragement
15.Lo
- Expression of wonder or surprise
16.Nay/nope
-Expression of negation
17.Oh
-Expression of various emotions, including
astonishment, pain
18.Ouch
-Expression of sudden pain or displeasure
19.Rah
-Expression of cheer (short for hurrah)
20.Ugh
-Expression of disgust or horror
21.Uh
- Expression similar
to uh
22.Yuck
Expression of disgust
or disappointment
CHAPTER
9
VERBALS
VERBALS
CLASSIFICATION OF VERBALS
PARTICIPLE
-A verbal that has either the ing form or the
ed/d/t/en/n form and serves only as an
adjective.
EXAMPLES:
Reading, watching, playing, swimming, read,
watched, played, swum, run
Present Participle
-A participle that ends in ing
EXAMPLES:
The students swimming are UAAP athletes.
There are many reading-materials in the library.
PAST PARTICIPLE
-A participle that ends in ed/d/t/en/n or has an
irregular past participle form
EXAMPLES:
A corporation partly run by public officials is quasigovernmental.
The material read by students are interesting.
INFINITIVE
GERUND
A verbal that has the ing form and serves only as a
noun(subject, subjective complement, direct object, indirect
object, object of the preposition, object of the verbal, objective
complement, and appositive)
EXAMPLES:
Walking is good for the heart. (subject)
Her hobby is dancing. (subjective complement)
Quit smoking. (direct object)
She recovered by not eating fat.(object of the preposition)
I believe in quitting smoking.(object of the verbal)
Hero made his hobby skating. (objective complement)
Smokey gave uo his vice, smoking. (appositive)