TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Geoff Molloy
Communications and Computing
Branch
Bureau of Meteorology
Australia

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Agenda

GTS Comms Evolution

Network Topologies
Overview of TCP/IP
GTS IP Addressing
Routing
Data Transfer - TCP and FTP
WMO standards Sockets and FTP

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

GTS Comms Evolution

Asynchronous to X.25 to IP
X.25 saw the introduction of error detection
and correction.
The advantages of TCP/IP include cost,
simplicity and the ability to use a range of
high level (application) protocols.
http (web) Remote machine logins (telnet,
rlogin, remsh) FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Smtp (e-mail) remote database access

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TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Office
V
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Cabinet-1

Network Topology
GTS

Private or Public Addresses

Firewall

Regional
Offices

Internet
Head Office

Public Addresses

WEB FTP

Message Switch

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

IP Address format

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

.

IP Address format (cont.)

1111111111222222222233
01234567890123456789012345678901
--+-------------+-----------------------------------------------ClassA|0|NET_ID|HOST_ID|
|-+-+-----------+---------------+-------------------------------|
ClassB|1|0|NET_ID|HOST_ID|
|-+-+-+-------------------------+---------------+---------------|
ClassC|1|1|0|NET_ID|HOST_ID|
|-+-+-+-+---------------------------------------+---------------|
ClassD|1|1|1|0|MULTICAST_ID|
|-+-+-+-+-------------------------------------------------------|
ClassE|1|1|1|1|EXPERIMENTAL_ID|
--+-+-+-+--------------------------------------------------------

FIGURE 5. IP Address Format.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

IP Addresses
Must have public addresses for inter-agency
communications.
Private addresses may be used within your
organisation.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is used
to convert between private and public
addresses
WMO allocates public addresses for GTS:
possible allocation for hosts, but cannot be
used for Internet connection.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

IP addresses (cont.)
GTS Allocation: 193.105.177.0 to
193.105.184.0
Private address allocations:
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.16.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Subnet Mask: 2 ways to refer top this

192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.1/24
/24 = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

IP addresses (cont.)
Get IP address from ISP
Possibly get IP address from WMO

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

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GTS Connection with NAT

NAT

BGP Routing
193.105.180.129

193.105.180.130

NAT Table:
Firewall

134.178.6.5

202.203.190.1 = 10.1.1.1

Firewall

10.1.1.1

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TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Office
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V
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Cabinet-1

How do you know which way to

send ip packets routing
GTS
protocol
Private or Public Addresses
Firewall

Regional
Offices

Internet
Head Office

Public Addresses

WEB FTP

Message Switch

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Routing
Two types of routing: Static and Dynamic
An internal routing protocol is used within
your network.
The GTS uses BGP for routing (static routes
can sometimes be used for stub networks)
ATTACHMENT II-15
Use of TCP/IP on the GTS give examples of
setting up BGP Routing on a Cisco router
does not cover use of NAT.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Example of routing table

gatekeeper-gw#shiproute
S139.163.28.254/32[1/0]via139.163.79.1
B202.245.39.0/24[20/0]via193.105.178.22,2d23h
S157.128.0.0/16[1/0]via202.12.61.9
B203.10.243.192/27[20/1]via203.10.243.13,05:46:25

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

BGP
Used by WMO on GTS
Uses a tcp connection on port 179 between
to routers to send updates.
Each Network is given an Autonomous
System (AS) number.
WMO have allocated AS numbers out of
the private AS address range for the GTS

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

GTS AS Numbers
Private range: 64512 through 65535
MTN Centres and reserve:
64512
to 64639
RA I: 64640 to 64767
RA II: 64768 to 64895
RA III: 64896 to 65023
RA IV: 65024 to 65151
RA V: 65152 to 65279
RA VI: 65280 to 65407
Antarctic and reserve:
65408 to
65535

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Local BGP links

Allocate AS numbers for private links out
of range: 65472 to 65535
All GTS should not route this range.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Example of BGP routing

gatekeeper-gw#shipbgpneigh193.105.178.22route
BGPtableversionis205,localrouterIDis134.178.31.9
Statuscodes:ssuppressed,ddamped,hhistory,*valid,>best,i-internal
Origincodes:i-IGP,e-EGP,?-incomplete

NetworkNextHopMetricLocPrfWeightPath
*>140.90.88.0/24193.105.178.2206452064513i
*>202.245.36.0193.105.178.22064520?
*>202.245.39.0193.105.178.220064520i
*>205.156.51.96/27193.105.178.2206452064513i

Totalnumberofprefixes4
gatekeeper-gw#

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

BGP Conifiguration
router bgp 64512
no synchronization
network 134.178.0.0
redistribute ospf 101 metric 20 match internal
neighbor 193.105.178.22 remote-as 64520
neighbor 193.105.178.22 distribute-list 10 out
neighbor 193.105.178.22 filter-list 4 in
neighbor 193.105.178.22 filter-list 1 out
!
ip as-path access-list 1 permit ^$
ip as-path access-list 4 permit ^64520$
ip as-path access-list 4 permit _64520$
ip as-path access-list 4 permit _64513$
!
access-list 10 permit 134.178.6.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 10 deny any

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Useful cisco BGP commands

Sh tcp
Sh ip route
Sh ip bgp neighbor 1.1.1.1 route
Sh ip bgp neighbor 1.1.1.1 advert

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

NAT
Static and Dynamic
Static needed for GTS so that hosts inside
the network can be contacted and for
security.
NAT addresses must appear in BGP routing
table.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

TCP overview
Connection oriented and reliable.
TCP uses a port number to define
connections
Connection defined by source IP
address/source port and destination IP
address and destination port
Can have multiple connections to the same
TCP port number

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

TCP Packet format

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Common TCP ports

ftp-data 20/tcp # File Transfer Protocol (Data)
ftp
21/tcp # File Transfer Protocol
(Control)
telnet 23/tcp # Virtual Terminal Protocol
smtp
25/tcp # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
http
80/tcp # World Wide Web HTTP
pop3
110/tcp # Post Office Protocol - V 3
GTS ports >10000

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

UDP
Connectionless not reliable
Not used for GTS transfers
Examples: used for network management
(SNMP), voice data

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

FTP
Uses 2 TCP connections: Control (port 21)
and data (port 20)
Two modes: normal and passive.
Used for transferring files.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

FTP Operation
Normal
Client host - connects to port 21
Client host give me file on port 2345
Client/2345 host/20 connects to port 2345
Passive
Client host - connects to port 21
Client host give me file on port 2345
Client host/2345 connects to port 2345

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

FTP Commands
get Retrieve a file
put send a file
binary
send or retrieve a file in raw binary
format (no processing)
cd Change directories on the remote
system
rename Rename a file on the remote
system
Hash
display a hash symbol which
indicates how much data has been sent.
Ls List the directory on the remote system.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

FTP Example

C:\>ftpgorgon.ho.bom.gov.au
Connectedtogorgon.ho.bom.gov.au.
220gorgonFTPserver(Version1.7.212.5WedMay3012:19:42GMT2001)ready.
User(gorgon.ho.bom.gov.au:(none)):anonymous
331Passwordrequiredforanonymous.
Password:
230Usergvmloggedin.
ftp>cdtemp
250CWDcommandsuccessful.
ftp>binary
200TypesettoI.
ftp>putinfo.txt
200PORTcommandsuccessful.
150OpeningBINARYmodedataconnectionforINFO.TXT.
226Transfercomplete.
ftp:833bytessentin0.01Seconds83.30Kbytes/sec.
ftp>renameinfo.txttofinal.txt
550info.txt:Nosuchfileordirectory.
ftp>renameINFO.TXTfinal.txt
350Fileexists,readyfordestinationname.
250RNTOcommandsuccessful.
ftp>ls
200PORTcommandsuccessful.
150OpeningASCIImodedataconnectionforfilelist.
test.zip
final.txt
226Transfercomplete.
ftp:62bytesreceivedin0.00Seconds62000.00Kbytes/sec.
ftp>

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

WMO Standards
FTP transfer
Socket Connections

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

WMO Socket Connections

WMO Use TCP ports > 10000
Suggest that use ports > 30000

Use separate sockets for ASCII and Binary

data and separate sockets for transmit and
receive.
Maintain socket connection
Old sockets should be closed when a new
connection to the same port from the same
host occurs avoids problems with
connection loss.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

WMO Sockets Continued

Use CSN (channel sequence numbers)
manditory recommend 5 character CSN
Each message is preceded by a message
length field of eight ASCII characters and a
message type field of two ASCII characters.
BI for binary, AN for alphanumeric or FX for
facsimile

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Socket Data Format

Message
length

Message
nnn
type
SOH CR CR LF or CR CR LF Heading

(8 characters) (2 characters)

nnnnn

Message length
Message length : Length from SOH to ETX (e.g. 00001826 = 1826bytes)
Message type AN: Alphanumeric, BI: Binary, FX: facsimile

CR CR LF ETX

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Socket Programming
See ATTACHMENT II-15
Use of TCP/IP on the GTS

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

WMO FTP Procedures

Procedures for accumulating messages into files
so as to minimise FTP overheads with short
messages (applies only to existing message types);
file naming conventions for existing message
types (existing AHL);
file renaming;
use of directories;
account names and passwords;
FTP sessions;
Local FTP requirements

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Accumulating messages into files

Multiple messages in the one file
Messages should be accumulated in files
thus:

length indicator, message 1 (8 characters);

format identifier (2 characters);
message 1;
length indicator, message 2 (8 characters);
format identifier (2 characters);
message 2;
and so on, until the last message;

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

FTP message format

Message 1 Format
nnn
length
IdentifierSOH CR CR LF or CRCR LF Heading Text

(8 characters)

00

nnnnn

Message 2
CR CRLF ETX length
(8 chacs)

Message length
Option 1. Starting Line and End of Message present
Message length : Length from SOH to ETX (e.g. 00001826 = 1826bytes)
Format
Message 1
Identifier CR CR LF Heading
length
01
(8 characters)

Text

Message 2 Format
Identifier
length
(8 characters) 01

Message length
Option 2. Starting Line and End of Message absent
Message length : Length from first CR to end of Text (e.g. 00001826 = 1826bytes)

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

File naming conventions

CCCCNNNNNNNN.ext where:
CCCC is the international four letter location identifier
of the sending Centre, as defined in WMO publication
No. 9, Volume C;
NNNNNNNN is a sequential number from 0 to
99999999 generated by the sending Centre;
ext is
ua for urgent alpha numeric information
ub for urgent binary information
a for normal alpha numeric information
b for normal binary information
f for facsimile information

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

File renaming
most centres detect the presence of a new file by
scanning a directory.
To avoid problems with the receiving centre
processing a file before it has completely arrived,
all sending centres must be able to remotely
rename the files they send
The file shall be sent with the extent .tmp and
then renamed
Recommended that a separate directory be used
for each host system which is initiating FTP
sessions to avoid the possibility of filename
duplication

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

General FTP Rules

Anonymous FTP may be used, but not on
servers accessible from the Internet
To Limit load, only one ftp session per
centre per file type
receiving Centres to delete files after they
have been processed
Do not use compression of files.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

FTP suggestions
Use format identifier 00
This allows the WMO request/repeat service to recover
missing data.

Use filename of *.b to exchange alphanumeric or

binary messages
CCCCNNNNNNNN.b - for alpha numeric and binary
CCCCNNNNNNNN.f - for facsimile (FAX T.4)

Send one T4 chart in each file

Send up to 100 messages in a file but do not delay
sending a message for more than 60 seconds.
Read incoming files at least every minute.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Socket/FTP Comparison
Sockets:
Quick, low overhead
Requires programming
Request/Repeat system can be slow

FTP
More Delays
Standard clients (less programming)
Easy to see failures and repeat transmission.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Checklist for GTS link

Link requirements:
1.
Get link addresses and private AS
numbers from WMO
2.
Agree whether to use BGP or not
3.
Establish connectivity between routers.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Checklist for GTS link cont.

Use only official IP addresses
Exchange details on host names.
Declare which IP addresses in your Centre are
eligible to use the GTS.
Establish an IP connection with one or more
Centres.
Configure dynamic routing with BGP (or static
routing)
Obtain an autonomous-system number
Check the barrier between Internet and the GTS
Filter incoming and outgoing traffic in accordance
with the requirements described above

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Checklist for GTS link cont.

WMO socket requirements:
Define socket/port numbers to receive on
Agree on 3 or 5 digit sequence numbers

FTP requirements:
Exchange user-id and password of receive accounts
Exchange directory names
Agree on format identifier preferably 00 (include
WMO header/trailer)
Agree on filenames. Suggest:
Exchange information on maximum messages to be in a
file and delays before sending a file and delays before
reading a file (not essential but is useful information)
Agree on 3 or 5 digit sequence numbers

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

Email Standard
Proposed standard in documentation.

TCP/IP procedures and application for the GTS

END