OWR00001 General Description of 3G

ISSUE 1.0

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Development of Mobile Communications

1st Generation
1980s (analog)

2nd Generation
1990s (digital)

GSM

AMPS
TACS

Analog to Digital

NMT

CDMA
IS95
TDMA
IS-136

OTHERS

PDC

3G provides:
Complete integrated service
solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS

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3rd Generation
current (digital)

UMTS
WCDMA

Voice to Broadband

CDMA
2000
TDSCDMA

Standardization Course of ITU IMT-2000

1985:

FPLMTS, renamed as IMT-2000 in 1996

1992:

230MHz spectrum was allocated in WRC92

1999.3:

Key parameters of IMT-2000 RTT were completed

1999.11:

Technical specifications of IMT-2000 RTT were

completed
2000:

All the network standards of IMT2000 were

completed
Family

concept was adopted in network part

Standardization

organizations such as 3GPP(1998.12),

3GPP2 (1999) were established

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Target of IMT-2000
Global

uniform frequency band and standard, global

seamless coverage
High

efficient spectrum utility

High

quality of service, high security

Easy

for evolution from 2G system

Providing

multimedia service

Car speed environment: 144kbps

Walk speed environment: 384kbps

Indoor environment: 2048kbps

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Standards for 3G

CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode

WCDMA
3GPP
FDD/TDD mode

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TD-SCDMA

3G system

CWTS
TDD mode

Spectrum Allocation of IMT-2000

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2010 MHz

ITU

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

MSS

2170 MHz

IMT A2000

1910

1885
1890
1895

EF

1865

1870

C PHS

D B

FDD
WLL

1918

1895

1885

1865

Japan

USA

CDMA

1980

FDD TDD
WLL WLL

1960

CDMA

1965
1970
1975

GSM
1800

2025MHz

cellular(2)

1945

cellular(2)

MSS

1850

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1900

1950

EF

IMT A2000

MSS

2000

MSS

2165 MHz

1990 MHz

PCS
A

MSS

1980 MHz

1920

cellular(1)

UMTS

MSS

1880 MHz

1945

1805 MHz

China

UMTS

GSM 1800 DECT

1930

Europe

2170 MHz

2110 MHz

2025 MHz

1885 MHz

MSS

Broadcast auxiliary

2050

2100

Reserve

215
0

MSS

220
0

225
0

3G Spectrum (After WARC2000)

800

ITU Identifications

850

1700

1750

1800 1850

1900

IMT 2000

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

2500

2550

2600 2650 2700

Cellular

GSM

GSM 1800

GSM

[GSM 1800, PCS]

PDC

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MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

UMTS

MSS

UMTS

MSS

UMTS

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT2000

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

PCS
A D B EF C

UPCS

Cellular

IMT 2000

IMT 2000

PHS

Americas***

1000

DECT

Japan,
Korea (w/o PHS)

950

Europe

China**

900

MSS
A D B EF C

Reserve

MSS

IMT 2000

QoS Requirements of Different Services

Quality (BER)

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time delay

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Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

Confidential

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

2.1
2.2

Radio Transmission Environment

Multiple

Access

Technology

and

Duplex Technology
2.3

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CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

Multi-path Environment

Transmitted
signal

Received
signal
Time

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Fading
Transmitted

Received
0
-5
-10

dB

-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

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Signal

Signal

Fading
Received Power(dBm)
Fast fading

-20

Slow fading

-40

-60

10

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20

30

Distance(m)

Frequency Selection of Fading

P(f)

P(f)
Fading

Narrowband
System
Transmit Signal

Received Signal

P(f)

P(f)
Fadin
g

Broadband
System
Transmit Signal

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Received Signal

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

2.1
2.2

Radio Transmission Environment

Multiple

Access

Technology

and

Duplex Technology
2.3

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CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

Technology
Multiple

access technology

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Duplex

technology

Time division duplex (TDD)

Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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Multiple Access Technology and Duplex

Technology
CDMA
Power
Tim
e

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000

TDMA
Power
Tim
e

FDMA
Power

Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er

Us
er
Tim

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eq
Fr

y
nc
e
u

e
qu
e
r
F

y
nc

Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM

Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS

Characteristics of CDMA System

High

soft

Spectral Efficiency

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

capacity

Quality

Coverage

Interference

Self-interference

system

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Processing Procedure of CDMA System

Source
coding

Channel
coding

Spreading

Modulation

Radio channel

Source
decoding

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Channel
decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental

2.1
2.2

Radio Transmission Environment

Multiple

Access

Technology

and

Duplex Technology
2.3

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CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

correlation

Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two

arbitrary signals.

EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1

+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1

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-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals

-1 1 -1 1
11 11
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals

OVSF&Walsh

Creating the orthogonal code sequences

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

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SF = 2

SF = 4

Autocorrelation

Example:

-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1

Correlation

Delay time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Delay time (chip)

sequence
-1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1

correlation
1
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7
-1/7

Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

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Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA

clong,1,n
MSB

LSB

clong,2,n

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Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol

Data

-1
Chip

Spreading
1

Spreading code

-1
1

Spreading signal
=Datacode

-1

Despreading
Spreading code
Data
=Spreadingcode

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1
-1
1
-1

Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Desired signal
1

Desired spreading signal

-1
1

Spreading code

-1
1

Data after despreading

-1
8

Data after integration

-8

Other users signal

Other spreading signal

Other signal after despreading

1
-1
8

Other signal after integration

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-8

Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading

Spreading code

P(f)

P(f)

Narrowband signal

P(f)

Broadband signal
f

Noise

Recovered signal

Signal
Combination

P(f)
f

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Noise+Broadband signal

Spreading code

P(f)
f

Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1
Correlator 2

Combiner

Receive set

The combined
signal

Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Searcher correlator

s(t)

s(t)

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system

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Structure of RAKE Receiver

Input signal

I
Correlator

Code
generators

Phase
Rotator

Delay
Equalizer

Channel
estimator

Path 1
Path 2
Path 3

Matched
Filter

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Combiner

Advantages of CDMA
RAKE

receiver is adopted

The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is

efficiently used.

frequency

Wideband frequency spectrum

Higher

diversity

interference tolerance and security performance

Low signal transmission power

Great

flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely different

bit rate and QoS requirement.

Different spreading factors for different services with different data

rates

High

spectral efficiency

All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.

Supporting

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soft handover and softer handover.

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

Confidential

Introduction to Diversity Technique

Diversity

technique is used to obtain uncorrelated

signals for combining

Reduce

the effects of fading

fast fading caused by multipath

Slow fading caused by shadowing

Improve

the reliability of communication

Increase

the coverage and capacity

Macroscopic

diversity

Soft handover and softer handover

Reduce large-scale fading

Microscopic

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diversity

Microscopic Diversity
Time

diversity

Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction

Frequency

diversity

The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth

frequency spectrum

Space

diversity

Receive diversity

Transmit diversity

Polarization

diversity

Vertical polarization

Horizontal polarization

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Basic Combining Methods

Maximal-Ratio

The mutipath signals are weighted proportional to their

signal SNR and then summed.

Equal-Gain

Combiner

Equal-gain combining is similar to maximal-ratio

combining, but there is no attempt to weight the signal
before addition.

Selection

Combiner

Combiner

Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality,

so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming
signal.

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Smart Antenna
Reduce

interference

Increase

coverage and capacity

interference

Wanted signal

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Smart Antenna

Omni antenna

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Directional antenna

Smart antenna

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to IMT-2000
Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental
Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods
Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

Confidential

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Channel
Chip

bandwidth: 5MHz

rate: 3.84Mcps

Frame
Voice

length: 10ms

coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)

Uplink

and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK

Coherence
Fast

demodulation aided with pilot

closed loop power control: 1500Hz

Handover:

soft/hard handover

Support

synchronous

operation

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and

asynchronous

NodeB

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Satisfy

the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000

Compatible

with GSM-MAP core network

Comparatively

steady version R99 has been released

Support

open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode

Support

Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share

Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode

Support

macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location

Support

different fast power control algorithms and open loop,

out loop power control

Fully

support UE locating services

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WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt

AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of

4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps
Adopt

soft handover and transmit diversity to improve

system capacity
Provide
Fast

high fidelity voice mode

power control

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Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support

maximum 2Mbps data service

Support

packet switch

Adopt

ATM platform currently

Provide

QoS

Common

Packet

Channel(CPCH)

and

Downlink

Share

Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better

Provide
TFCI

mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP addresses)

domain provides dynamic data rate

Provide

high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric

data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

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