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Principles of Radio Communications

by
Rahul Wargad

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 Develop an understanding of electromagnetic

waves used for radio communication and the
factors that affect reliable communication

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Common Uses of Radio

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

SW Radio
Broadcast Radio
TV
Intercom
Microwave oven
HF Asset tracking
UHF Truck/Trailer ID
Car door keys

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11.Bluetooth
12.G P S
13.Toll road tags
14.Vehicle speed check
15.Cordless phone
16.Satellite TV
17.Mike & Amps
18.WiFi

Radio Frequency Classification

ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
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300Hz 3kHz
3 30 kHz
30 300kHz
300 3,000kHz (3 MHz)
3 30MHz
30 300MHz
300 3,000 MHz (3GHz)
3 30 GHz
30 300 GHZ
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Radio Frequency Spectrum

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Managed by a number of bodies:
Radio Communications Agency
(UK)
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute.

Stops user conflict

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Preserves
user integrity
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Periodic Signals

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Sine Wave
Peak Amplitude (A)
maximum strength of signal
volts

Frequency (f)

Rate of change of signal

Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
Period = time for one repetition (T)
T = 1/f

Phase ()
Relative position in time
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Practice Exercise
Draw the Sine waves with following data:

i)

A = 2 , F = 2 and = 0

ii) A = 2.5 , F = 3 and = 180 degrees

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Wavelength()
Distance occupied by one cycle
Distance between two points of corresponding
phase in two consecutive cycles
Assuming signal velocity v
= vT
f = v
c = 3*108 ms-1 (speed of light in free space)

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Practice Questions. . .
1. Radio wave has 30m wavelength &
10MHz frequency
What is its Velocity?

2. Radio wave has 12.3m Wavelength

and 3 x10^8 m/sec
What is its frequency?
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Solution
A1. V = Freq x Wavelength
So V = 10x10^6 x 30m
= 3x 10^8metres / sec
A2. Freq = Velocity / Wavelength
= (3 x 10^8 cps) / 12.3m
= 24.39 MHz

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Polarization of Radio Waves

Transmitting E
antenna
B
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Reception of Radio Waves

E

Receiving antenna
works best when
tuned to the
wavelength of the
signal, and has
proper
polarization
imum antenna length is /4: one-quarter wave
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Encoding Information on Radio

Waves
Two common ways to carry analog
information with radio waves
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)

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AM Radio

Amplitude Modulation (AM) uses

changes in the signal strength to
convey information
pressure modulation (sound)

electromagnetic wave
modulation

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AM Radio in Practice
Uses frequency range from 530 kHz to
1700 kHz
each station uses 9 kHz
spacing is 10 kHz (a little breathing room)
117 channels
9 kHz of bandwidth means 4.5 kHz is highest
audio frequency that can be encoded
falls short of 20 kHz capability of human ear
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Figure 5.17 AM band allocation

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FM Radio

Frequency Modulation (FM) uses

changes in the waves frequency to
convey information
pressure modulation (sound)

electromagnetic wave
modulation
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FM Radio in Practice
Spans 87.8 MHz to 108.0 MHz in 200 kHz intervals
101 possible stations
example: 91X runs from 91.091.2 MHz (centered at 91.1)
Nominally uses 150 kHz around center
75 kHz on each side

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Figure 5.19 FM band allocation

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Phase Modulation (PM)

The modulating signal only changes the
phase of the carrier signal.
The phase change manifests itself as a
frequency change but the
instantaneous frequency change is
proportional to the derivative of the
amplitude.
The bandwidth is higher than for AM.
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Figure 5.20 Phase modulation

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