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Bishwajit Mazumder

Nursing Instructor
Dhaka Nursing College, Dhaka
Level:- Midwifery 1st Year
Topic: Computer Hardware and Device

Definition of Computer
Computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. Computer
can also be defined in terms of functions it can perform. A computer can i) accept
data, ii) store data, iii) process data as desired, and iv) retrieve the stored data as
and when required and v) print the result in desired format.
Types of computer:
1. Personal computer
2. Minicomputer
3. Mainframe
4. Supercomputers
5. Workstation
Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. The
personal computer (PC) defines a computer designed for general use by a single
person.

Type of computer
Minicomputer: Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms.
Minicomputers are also called as Midrange Computers. Popular Minicomputers
K-202, Texas Instrument TI-990, SDS-92, and IBM Midrange computers.
Mainframe: Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer
capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously.
Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports many
simultaneous executions of programs.
Supercomputer: Supercomputers are one of the many types of modern
computing machines which are capable of giving very speedy calculations. It is
because of their high speed processing ability that Supercomputer systems are
used in such works as animation graphics, weather forecasting, nuclear research
work, petroleum research works, crypt analysis, molecular modeling and the likes
Minicomputer.
Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higherquality monitor. It is a type of computer used for engineering applications
(CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other types of
applications and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.

Personal Computer Types


Tower model: The term refers to a computer in which the power supply,
motherboard, and mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a
cabinet. This is in contrast to desktop models, in which these components are
housed in a more compact box.
Desktop model: A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk,
typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model
computers are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall.
Notebook computer: An extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook
computers typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in
a briefcase. Notebook computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel
technologies, to produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen.
Laptop computer: A small, portable computer -- small enough that it can sit on
your lap. Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook
computers.

Personal Computer Types (con)


Subnotebook computer: A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller
than a full-sized notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a
smaller keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.
Hand-held computer: A portable computer that is small enough to be held in
ones hand. Although extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not
replaced notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens.
Palmtop: A small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-size
computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for certain
functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops are also called PDAs,
hand-held computers and pocket computers.
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant ): Personal Digital Assistant computer handheld
device that combines computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical
PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. PDAs
are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers.

Computer Hardware and Device


Hardware is the physical component of a computer system. It
refers to the electromechanical parts and devices that make up a
computer.
Computer hardware is an integral part embedded in all modern
day. The hardware of a computer is not changed frequently, in
contrast with software and data.
Device is a thing made or adapted for a particular purpose,
specially a piece of mechanical or electronic equipment.
The synonym of device is
instrument, device, machine, apparatus, and engine.

Computer Hardware and Device


Generally, hardware is categorized according to which of the five
basic computer operation it performs:
Input devices.
Processors and memory.
Output devices.
Secondary storage devices.
Communications / networking devices

Component of Computer Hardware and Device


Input devices.

Processors and
memory

Output devices

Secondary
Communicatio
storage devices. ns / networking
devices

Key board

RAM

Monitor

Optical devices
(CD-ROM,
DVD),

Mouse

ROM

LCD

Magnetic: Hard
disk, Floppy
disk, Zip disk,
Jaz disk, tapes

Joystick

Printer

Rewritable CDs
and DVDs

Scanner

Plotter

Light pen
Touch screen

Input Devices
Keyboard: It is a text base input device that allows the user to input
alphabets, numbers and other characters. It consists of a set of
keys mounted on a board. It consists of keys for English
alphabets, 0 to 9 numbers, and special characters like +, , /,*, ( )
etc.

Function of Key board


These keys have special functions assigned to them and can be used only for those
specific purposes. Functions of some of the important keys are defined below.
Enter: It is similar to the return key of the typewriter and is used to execute a
command or program.
Spacebar: It is used to enter a space at the current cursor location.
Backspace: This key is used to move the cursor one position to the left and
also delete the character in that position.
Delete: It is used to delete the character at the cursor position.
Insert: Insert key is used to toggle between insert and overwrite mode during
data entry.
Shift: This key is used to type capital letters when pressed along with an
alphabet key. Also used to type the special characters located on the upper-side
of a key that has two characters defined on the same key.
Caps Lock: Cap Lock is used to toggle between the capital lock features.
When on, it locks the alphanumeric keypad for capital letters input only.

Function of Key board (cont)


Tab: Tab is used to move the cursor to the next tab position defined in
the document. Also, it is used to insert indentation into a document.
Ctrl: Control key is used in conjunction with other keys to provide
additional functionality on the keyboard.
Alt: Also like the control key, Alt key is always used in combination
with other keys to perform specific tasks.
Esc: This key is usually used to negate a command. Also used to
cancel or abort executing programs.
Numeric Keypad: Numeric keypad is located on the right side of the
keyboard and consists of keys having numbers (0 to 9) and
mathematical operators (+ * /) defined on them. This keypad is
provided to support quick entry for numeric data.
Cursor Movement Keys: These are arrow keys and are used to move the cursor in
the direction indicated by the arrow (up, down, left, right).

Input device (cont)


oMouse: The mouse is a small
device used to point to a
particular place on the screen
and
select in order to perform one or
more actions.
o It can be used to select menu
commands, size windows, start
programs etc.
o
oThe most conventional kind of
mouse has two buttons on top:
o
the left one being used most
frequently.
o
Mouse Actions:
Left Click : Used to select an
item.

Double Click : Used to start a


program or open a file.
Right Click : Usually used to
display a set of commands.
Drag and Drop : It allows you to
select and move an item from one
location to another.

Input device (cont)


Joystick: The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic
cursor in a direction the stick is moved. It typically has a button
on top that is used to select the option pointed by the cursor.
Joystick is used as an input device primarily used with video
games, training simulators and controlling robots

Input device (cont)

Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the
source document into the computer system. It converts the
document image into digital form so that it can be fed into the
computer. Capturing information like this reduces the possibility of
errors typically experienced during large data entry.

Input device (cont)


Bar codes: A bar code is a set of lines of different thicknesses that
represent a number. Bar Code Readers are used to input data from
bar codes. Most products in shops have bar codes on them. Bar
code readers work by shining a beam of light on the lines that
make up the bar code and detecting the amount of light that is
reflected back.

Input device (cont)


Light Pen: It is a pen shaped device used to select objects on a
display screen.
It is quite like the mouse (in its functionality) but uses a light pen
to move the pointer and select any object on the screen by
pointing to the object.
Touch Screen: It allows the user to operate/make selections by
simply touching the display screen. Common examples of touch
screen include information kiosks, and bank ATMs.

Input device (cont)


Digital camera: A digital camera can store many more pictures
than an ordinary camera. Pictures taken using a digital camera are
stored inside its memory and can be transferred to a computer by
connecting the camera to it.

Input device (cont)


Microphones: Speech Recognition is a speech Input device. To
operate it we require using a microphone to talk to the computer.
Also we need to add a sound card to the computer. A speech
recognition program can process the input and convert it into
machine-recognized commands or input.

Output Device
Computer monitor: Computer monitor is the display to watch
computer works. Computer monitor is an electronic visual computer
display for the computer.
The computer monitor refers to the display device , circuitry and an
enclosure.
The display device in modern computer monitors is a thin film
transistor liquid crystal display (TET-LCD) which has the thin panel .
then, the older computer monitors used a cathode ray tube (crt) about
as deep as the screen size.

Output Device (cont)


Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): LCD was introduced in the 1970s
and is now applied to display terminals also. Its advantages like low
energy consumption, smaller and lighter have paved its way for
usage in portable computers (laptops).

Output Device (cont)


Printer: Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as
hardcopy) output.
Based on the technology used, they can be classified as Impact or
Non-impact printers.
Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category of
printers.

Output Device (cont)


Plotter: Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It
interprets computer commands and makes line drawings on
paper using multicolored automated pens. It is capable of
producing graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc.

Storage Device
Central Processing Unit (CPU): CPU stands for central process unit.
It is a small chip inside the computer. The brain of a computer. It
does all decisions, calculations. It also controls other parts of the
computer. CPU consists of several sections:
1. Control unit
2. Arithmetic and logic unit
3. Main memory

Storage device (cont)


Memory Although memory is technically any form of electronic
storage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of
storage. Accessing the hard drive for information takes time. When
the information is kept in memory, the CPU can access it much more
quickly.

a. Random Access Memory RAM. Where information is stored


temporarily when a program is run. Information is automatically
pulled into memory, we cannot control this. RAM is cleared
automatically when the computer is shutdown or rebooted. RAM is
volatile (non-permanent).

Storage device (cont)


b. Read Only Memory ROM. More permanent than RAM. Data
stored in these chips is nonvolatile -- it is not lost when power is
removed. Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or
requires a special operation to change. The BIOS is stored in the
CMOS, read only memory.

Secondary storage device


CD ROM A device used to read CD-ROMs. If capable of writing to
the CD-ROM, then they are usually referred to as a burner or
CD-RW. Data written in CD-RW (CD-Read Write) can be erased
and rewritten without a lost of storage space just like a hard disk
drive.

Secondary storage device (cont)


DVD ROM A device that is used to read DVDs/CDs. If capable of
writing to the DVD, then it is often referred to as a DVD-burner or
a DVD-RW. DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) are optical discs share
the same overall dimensions of a CD.

Secondary storage device (cont)


c. Hard Drive Where you store information permanently most
frequently. This is also nonvolatile. The hard disk is the mass storage
device for software applications and data files. It provides a semipermanent storage place for data. At present hard disks have high
capacities.

Secondary storage device (cont)


Floppy Drive A device that is used to read/write to floppy
diskettes.

Communications / Networking devices


Communications hardware also called networking devices are used
to extend the processing capabilities of a computer system by
providing means of transferring data and applications from one
computer system to another.
Communications hardware are used to link to existing
communication networks like the Internet that allows electronic
transfer of information anytime, anywhere.

Any Thing More ?

Thanks for your patience & concentration

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