Introduction to Computer

Numerical control

Types of CNC

Milling Machines can divide in to three

categories:
By number of axes - Two , three or more
By the orientation of axes- Vertical or
Horizontal
By presence or absence of tool changer

Types of CNC

Plasma
Spring forming
Laser Cutting machine
Flame cutting machine
Electric Discharge Machine
Water Jet
Welding
CNC Punch Press

Types of Control System

Point to point Tool Movement

Point to point control system causes the tool to move
to a point on the part and execute an operation at the
point only

Continues path tool Movement

Continues path controller are named because they
cause the tool to maintain continues contact with the
part as the tool cuts a contour shape

Machine tool Axes

Numerical machines can also be classified on the
number of axes, or direction of motion.

Machine centers usually have two-and half, three,

four, or five axis with three or four axis are more
common
Lathes and turning centers generally have between
two and four axes

Loop System

Loop system send electrical signal to drive motor controllers and

receives feedback. One of the important factor that determine the
tolerances to which a part can be cut is the loop system type.
Open Loop System
An open loop system utilizes stepping motors to create machine
movement by electrical signals. the motor connected to Acme lead
screw
The lead screws used in this system generates friction and
backlash. Backlash can cause positioning Error

Close Loop System

Special motors called servos are used for executing

machine movements in closed loop system.
Motor type can be
AC servos,
DC servos,
Hydraulic servos.

The speed depend on amount of current or hydraulic

fluid passing through it.
Servos are connected to the spindle and they are
connected to the machine table through the ball lead
screw

Ball Lead Screw

Ball lead screw is the hart of the drive system
Advantages of ball lead screw over Acme lead
screw are:
1. Precise position and repeatability
2. High Speed capability,
3. Less Wear
4. longer life

Position Loop
Position loop is closed by a device called an ENCODER.
An encoder is a disk with three rings around it
1000 slits in the first ring,
1000 slits in the second ring,
Only one slit in the third

There are three light receiver on the other side of the disk
Encoder passes the light to the receiver when the slits line up
with the light and receiver. This create pulses
The CNC control knows there are 1000 pulses per revolution so
by counting the pulses it knows the encoders position exactly

Homing (ZRN)

Homing moves axes to a known

position where each axes is initialized

Cartesian coordinate system

Any point on a machine part, such as a hole to be drilled, can be

described in terms of its position.
the system that allows us to do this is Cartesian coordinate

Machine axes
Machine axes are established according to
the industry standard report EIA RS - 267A

Axes configuration
X axes moves from right to left as you face the
machine
Y axes move toward and away from you
The Z axes is the spindle movement up and down
spindle .
A move toward work is Z(-Z)
A move away from work is Z(+ Z)

Types of tool positioning

Incremental Positioning

 Absolute Positioning

End of
presentation