Introduction of

Statistics
Josie Almeda
Professor, UP School of Statistics
Diliman, Quezon City
August 2016
SYKES Asia Inc., Mandaluyong City, Philippines

Statistics
plural sense
a set of numerical data
singular sense
branch of science which
deals with the
* collection
* presentation
* analysis
* interpretation
of a set of numerical data

General Uses of Statistics

1. aids in decision making

provides comparison
explains action that have taken place
justifies a claim or assertion
predicts future outcome
estimates unknown quantities

2. summarizes data for public use

Two Aims of Statistics

1. To describe
Statistics aims to explain variation
Variation is inevitable
Weights of people in this room are not the same.
Household Income vary from household to
household.
Peso dollar exchange rate varies from day to day.

2. To infer

Areas of Statistics
Descriptive statistics
composed of methods
concerned with
collecting, describing,
and analyzing a set of
data without drawing
conclusions or
inferences about a large
group

Inferential statistics
composed of methods
concerned with the
analysis of a subset of
data leading to
predictions or inferences
about the entire set of
data

Population vs Sample
Population a collection of all the
elements under consideration in any
statistical study
Sample a part (or subset) of the
population from which information is
collected

Example of Population and Sample

Population all employees of SYKES
Sample a subset of SYKES
employees

Parametric vs Statistics
Parameter

a numerical characteristic
of the population

Statistic

a numerical characteristic
of the sample

Example of Parameter and Statistic

Suppose our population consists of one
branch of SYKES consisting of 50 employees.
There are 30 employees who uses the GLOBE
line. Thus, 60% of the employees use the
GLOBE line.

The parameter of interest is 60%.

Example of Parameter and Statistic

Suppose we take a sample of 10
employees from this branch. Among the 10
employees in the sample, 8 uses the GLOBE
line. Thus, 80% of the employees use the
GLOBE line.

The statistic of interest is 80%.

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Classification of Data
Qualitative have labels or names
assigned to their respective
categories
Examples:
Division Division 1, Division 2, etc.
Sex of student male, female
Type of hospital public, private
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Classification of Data
Quantitative any attribute that we measure in
numbers
Examples:
weight 160 lbs, 25 kg, 77 mg, etc.
height 34 in., 5 cm, 5ft. 6 in., etc.
number of computers 1, 2, 3,
estimated monthly income of a
household PhP4,000, PhP 10,500,
etc.
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Variable
a characteristic or attribute of persons
or objects which can assume different
values for different persons or objects
Examples:

number of legislative districts

enrolment in graduate schools
monthly salary
daily allowance of employees
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Observation vs Data
An observation is a realized value of a
variable.
Data is the collection of observations.

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Steps in Statistical Inquiry

#1
Choosing the Problem
and Stating the
Hypothesis

#6
Present the Results

#5
Analyze Data and
Interpret Results

#2
Formulating
the
Research Design

#3
Data Collection

#4
Explore the Data
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Illustrations of statistical inquiries that aim

to determine relationships:
a) The Manager may wish to determine
whether office temperature affects the
productivity of employees in their work.
b) A researcher may wish to study the
relationship between job satisfaction score
and amount of salary of employees.

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Illustrations of statistical inquiries that

aim to forecast
a) The Department of Overseas Labor and
Employment (DOLE) may wish to forecast the level
of unemployment next year.
b) The Department of Tourism may wish to forecast
the number of tourists coming to the country in the
next 5 years.
c) The Manager may wish to forecast the number of
incoming calls next year.

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Thank you for listening!