I.

C ASSIGNMENT

NAME: VIBHAY PATEL

PRN: 13070121700
TOPIC: EMISSION STANDARDS

Emission standards
Emission standardsare requirements that set specific
limits to the amount ofpollutantsthat can be released
into the environment. Many emissions standards focus
onregulatingpollutantsreleasedbyautomobiles(motor
cars) and other poweredvehiclesbut they can also
regulate emissions fromindustry, power plants, small
equipmentsuchaslawnmowersanddieselgenerators.
Vehicle emission performance standard:Anemission
performance standardis a limit that sets thresholds
above which a different type of emission control
technologymightbeneeded.

 In theUnited States, emissions standards are managed by

theEnvironmental
Protection
Agency(EPA).
The
state
ofCaliforniahas special dispensation to promulgate more stringent
vehicle emissions standards, and other states may choose to follow
eitherthenationalorCaliforniastandards.
California'semissionsstandardsaresetbytheCaliforniaAirResources
Board,knownlocallybyitsacronym"CARB".GiventhatCalifornia's
automotive market is one of the largest in the world, CARB wields
enormous influence over the emissions requirements that major
automakersmustmeetiftheywishtosellintothatmarket.Inaddition,
severalotherU.S.statesalsochoosetofollowtheCARBstandards,so
theirrulemakinghasbroaderimplicationswithintheU.S.

European Emission Standards

European emission standardsdefine the acceptable limits for exhaust emissions of new
vehiclessoldinEUmemberstates.
Currently, emissions ofnitrogen oxides(NOx),total hydrocarbon(THC),non-methane
hydrocarbons(NMHC),carbon monoxide(CO) andparticulate matter(PM) are regulated for
mostvehicletypes,includingcars,lorries,trains,tractorsandsimilarmachinery,butexcluding
seagoingshipsandaeroplanes.
For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the
engineatastandardisedtestcycle.Non-compliantvehiclescannotbesoldintheEU,butnew
standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is
mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting
the standards. Newmodelsintroducedmustmeetcurrentorplannedstandards,

CO2 emission
WithintheEuropeanUnion,roadtransportisresponsibleforabout20%ofallCO 2emissions,
withpassengercarscontributingabout12%.
The target fixed atKyoto Protocolwas an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the
economycomparedto1990levelsby2008-2012.
RelativeCO2emissionsfromtransporthaverisenrapidlyinrecentyears,from21%ofthetotal
in1990to28%in2004,

Toxicemission:stagesandlegalframework
ThestagesaretypicallyreferredtoasEuro1,Euro2,Euro3,Euro4andEuro5
forLightDutyVehiclestandards.ThecorrespondingseriesofstandardsforHeavy
DutyVehiclesuseRoman,ratherthanArabicnumerals(EuroI,EuroII,etc.)The
following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what
theyapplyto,andwhichEUdirectivesprovidethedefinitionofthestandard.
Euro1(1993):

Forpassengercars-91/441/EEC.
Alsoforpassengercarsandlighttrucks-93/59/EEC.

Euro2(1996)forpassengercars-94/12/EC(&96/69/EC)

Formotorcycle-2002/51/EC(rowA)-2006/120/EC

Euro3(2000)foranyvehicle-98/69/EC

Formotorcycle-2002/51/EC(rowB)-2006/120/EC

Euro4(2005)foranyvehicle-98/69/EC(&2002/80/EC)
Euro5(2008/9)andEuro6(2014)forlightpassengerandcommercialvehicles-
715/2007/EC

Emission standards for passenger cars

Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations
introducedifferentemissionlimitsfordieseland
petrolvehicles.DieselshavemorestringentCO
standardsbutareallowedhigherNOxemissions.
Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from
particulatematter(PM)standardsthroughtothe
Euro 4 stage, but vehicles withdirect
injectionengines will be subject to a limit of
0.005g/kmforEuro5andEuro6.

Bharat Stage Emission Standards

Bharat stage emission standards are emission
standards instituted by theGovernment of
Indiatoregulatetheoutputofairpollutantsfrom
internalcombustionengineequipment,including
motor vehicles. The standards and the timeline
for implementation are set by the Central
Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of
Environment&Forests.

History
ThefirstemissionnormswereintroducedinIndiain1991forpetroland1992for
dieselvehicles.ThesewerefollowedbymakingtheCatalyticconvertermandatory
forpetrolvehiclesandtheintroductionofunleadedpetrolinthemarket.
OnApril29,1999theSupremeCourtofIndiaruledthatallvehiclesinIndiahave
tomeetEuroIorIndia2000normsbyJune1,1999andEuroIIwillbemandatory
intheNCRbyApril2000.Carmakerswerenotpreparedforthistransitionandina
subsequentjudgmenttheimplementationdateforEuroIIwasnotenforced...
In 2002, the Indian government accepted the report submitted by
theMashelkarcommittee. The committee proposed a road map for the roll out
ofEuro based emission normsfor India. It also recommended a phased
implementation of future norms with the regulations being implemented in major
citiesfirstandextendedtotherestofthecountryafterafewyears.
Basedontherecommendationsofthecommittee,theNationalAutoFuelpolicywas
announcedofficiallyin2003.TheroadmapforimplementationoftheBharatStage
norms were laid out till 2010. The policy also created guidelines for auto fuels,
reductionofpollutionfromoldervehiclesandR&Dforairqualitydatacreationand
healthadministration

 Thestandards,basedonEuropeanregulationswerefirstintroducedin2000.
Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new
vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be
compliant with the regulations.Since October 2010, Bharat stage III norms
have been enforced across the country. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV
emissionnormsareinplacesinceApril2010.
The phasing out of 2 stroke engine for two wheelers,the stoppage of
production of Maruti 800& introduction of electronic controls have been
duetotheregulationsrelatedtovehicularemissions.
Whilethenormshelpinbringingdownpollutionlevels,itinvariablyresults
in increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology & higher fuel
prices. However, this increase in private cost is offset by savings in health
costsforthepublic,asthereislesseramountofdiseasecausingparticulate
matterandpollutionintheair.

For2-and3-wheelers,BharatStageII(Euro2)wasmadeapplicablefromApril1,
2005andStageIII(Euro3)standardscameinforcefromApril1,2010

Overview of the Emission Norms in India

1991-IdleCOLimitsforGasolineVehiclesandFreeAccelerationSmokeforDiesel
Vehicles,MassEmissionNormsforGasolineVehicles.
1992-MassEmissionNormsforDieselVehicles.
1996-RevisionofMassEmissionNormsforGasolineandDieselVehicles,mandatory
fitmentofCatalyticConverterforCarsinMetrosonUnleadedGasoline.
1998-ColdStartNormsIntroduced.
2000-India2000(EquivalenttoEuroI)Norms,ModifiedIDC(IndianDrivingCycle),
BharatStageIINormsforDelhi.
2001-BharatStageII(EquivalenttoEuroII)NormsforAllMetros,EmissionNorms
forCNG&LPGVehicles.
2003-BharatStageII(EquivalenttoEuroII)Normsfor13majorcities.
2005-From1AprilBharatStageIII(EquivalenttoEuroIII)Normsfor13majorcities.
2010-BharatStageIIIEmissionNormsfor4-wheelersforentirecountrywhereas
BharatStage-IV(EquivalenttoEuroIV)for13majorcities.

CO2 Emission
Indiasautosectoraccountsforabout18percent
of the total CO2emissions in the country.
RelativeCO2emissionsfromtransporthaverisen
rapidlyinrecentyears,butliketheEU,currently
therearenostandardsforCO2emissionlimitsfor
pollutionfromvehicles.

EmissionTestCycles
The ECE+EUDC test cycle is performed on a chassis dynamometer. The
cyclealso known as the MVEG-A cycleis used for EU type arroval
testing of emissions and fuel consumption from light duty vehicles. The
entire cycle includes four ECE segments, Figure 1, repeated without
interruption,followedbyoneEUDCsegment,Figure2.Beforethetest,the
vehicleisallowedtosoakforatleast6hoursatatesttemperatureof2030C.Itisthenstartedandallowedtoidlefor40s.
Effective year 2000, that idling period has been eliminated, i.e., engine
starts at 0 s and the emission sampling begins at the same time. This
modified cold-start procedure is also referred to as theNew European
Driving CycleorNEDC.
Emissions are sampled during the cycle according the the Constant
VolumeSamplingtechnique,analyzed,andexpresseding/kmforeachof
thepollutants.

TheECEcycleisanurbandrivingcycle,alsoknownasUDC.Itwasdevisedtorepresent
citydrivingconditions,e.g.inParisorRome.Itischaracterizedbylowvehiclespeed,low
engineload,andlowexhaustgastemperature.
The above urban driving cycle represents Type I test, as defined by the original ECE 15
emissions procedure. Type II test is a warmed-up idle tailpipe CO test conducted
immediatelyafterthefourthcycleoftheTypeItest.TypeIIItestisatwo-mode(idleand50
km/h)chassisdynamometerprocedureforcrankcaseemissiondetermination.

TheEUDC(ExtraUrbanDrivingCycle)segmenthasbeenaddedafterthefourthECEcycle
to account for more aggressive, high speed driving modes. The maximum speed of the
EUDC cycle is 120 km/h. An alternative EUDC cycle for low-powered vehicles has been
alsodefinedwithamaximumspeedlimitedto90km/h(Figure3).