Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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Dial indicator
M305.46
Sigma Comparator
M305.46
Optical Comparator
M305.46
Pneumatic Comparator
M305.46
Classification
Depending
on
the
amplification
system,
Mechanical Comparators :
Mechanical Comparators :
1. Dial indicator
2. Reed type mechanical comparator
3. The Sigma comparator
M305.46
Dial indicator :
M305.46
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Constructional Details
M305.46
Dial indicator
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Constructional Details :
The
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Mechanism
Plunger
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Mechanism :
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Mechanism :
M305.46
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M305.47-48
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Constructional details
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Constructional details :
The reed mechanism is frictionless device for magnifying
small motions of the spindle
It consists of a fixed block `A` which is rigidly fastened to
the gauge head case
The floating block `B` carries the gauging spindle
The floating block is also connected horizontally to the
fixed block by reeds `C`
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Constructional details :
A vertical reed is attached to each block with upper
ends jointed together
These vertical reeds are shown in fig by letter `D`
A pointer is attached to this joint
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Working principle
A linear motion of the spindle moves the floating block
vertically upwards
This vertical movement causing the vertical reed on the
floating block to slide past the vertical reed on the fixed
block
The movement causes both reeds swing through an arc
As the point is nearly an extension of the vertical reeds `M`
it swings through a much wider arc
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Sigma Comparator
The Sigma Comparator is a mechanical comparator in which
the amplification is obtained by means of a compound lever
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Constructional details
Sigma Comparator
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Constructional details :
The vertical beam is mounted on flat steel springs
connected to fixed members
The vertical beam which in turn are screwed to a back
plate
The assembly provides a frictionless movement with
restraint from the springs
The hinged assembly carrying the forked arms
incorporates a hardened fulcrums
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Constructional details :
The metal ribbon attached to the forked arms passes
around the spindle
This spindle is to rotate in specially designed miniature
ball bearings
The indicating pointer is secured to a boss on the disc
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Operating Principle :
The various movements in the Sigma Comparator are shown in
figure.
fixed member
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Operating Principle :
The cross strip hinge then connected by thin flexible
strips alternately at right angles to each other
Thus if an external force is applied to the moving
member it will pivot as would a hinge about the line of
intersection of the strips
To the moving member an arm `Y` shape having the
effective length `L` is attached
If the distance of the hinge from the knife edge be `a`
then the magnification of the first stage is `L/a `
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Operating Principle :
A phosphor-Bronze strip is attached to the two extremities of
the `Y` arm
And is passed around a radius `r` attached to the pointer
spindle
If the length of pointer be `l` then
magnification
The total magnification is
(L/a)X(l/r)
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Operating Principle :
In order to adjust the magnification ,distance `a` must be
changed by slackening and tightening the two screws
attaching the knife edge to the plunger
In sigma comparator a damping device must be employed to
prevent oscillation of point before coming to rest
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Johanson Microkator
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Johansson Mikrokator :
This comparator was developed by C.F. Johansson.
Principle:
It works on the principle of a Button spring,
spinning on a loop of string like in the case of
Childrens toys.
Construction:
It employs a twisted metal strip. Any pull on the
strip causes the centre of the strip to rotate. A very
light pointer made of glass tube is attached to the
centre of the twisted metal strip.
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Disadvantages:
1. Range is limited as the pointer moves over a
fixed scale.
2. Pointer scale system used can cause parallax
error.
3. There are number of moving parts which
create problems due to friction, and ultimately
the accuracy is less.
4. The instrument may become sensitive to
vibration due to high inertia.
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Principle of an Electrical
Comparator
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R3
R2
R4
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Advantages:
1. Measuring units can be remote from indicating units.
2. Variable sensitivity which can be adjusted as per requirement.
3. No moving parts, hence it can retain accuracy over long periods.
4. Higher magnification is possible as compared to mechanical
comparator.
5. Compact sizes of probes arc available.
Disadvantages:
1. The accuracy of working of these comparators is likely to be affect
due to temperature
and humidity.
2. It is not a self contained unit; it needs stabilized power supply for
its operation.
3. Heating of coils can cause zero drifts and it may alter calibration.
4. It is more expensive than mechanical comparator
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M305.50
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Advantages:
1. These Comparators are almost weightless and have less
number of moving parts, due to
this there is less wear and hence lessfriction.70
2. Higher range even at high magnification is possible as the
scale moves past the index.
3. The scale can be made to move past a datum line and
without having any parallax errors.
4. They are used to magnify parts of very small size and of
complex configuration such as
intricate grooves, radii or steps.
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Disadvantages:
1. The accuracy of measurement is limited to 0.001 mm
2. They have their own built in illuminating device which
tends to heat the instrument.
3. Electrical supply is required.
4. Eyepiece type instrument may cause strain on the
operator.
5. Projection type instruments occupy large space and
they are expensive.
6. When the scale is projected on a screen, then it is
essential to take the instrument to a dark
room in order to take the readings easily.
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M305.51
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The image of the scale and the index line could also
be viewed through a projection system
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Important characteristics
Very high magnifications are possible
It can be used to measure diameters, length, squareness,
parallelisms, concentricity,taper, and other geometric
conditions.
Internal dimensions can be readily measured , in other
words, while measuring a bore it can reveal complete details
of size, taper, straightness,camber and bell mouth etc.
It is independent of the operator skill
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Important characteristics
High pressure air gauging can be done by cleaning the
parts which helps to eliminate errors due to dirt and
foreign matter.
As there is no physical contact made either with the
setting gauge (or) the part being measured , there is no
loss of accuracy because of gear wear.
Gauging pressures can be kept sufficiently low to prevent
part deflection
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Important characteristics
Dimensional variations throughout the length of the shaft
(or) cylinder bore can be explored for out of roundness,
taperness, concentricity,regularity and other similar
conditions
The total life cost of the gauging heads is much less
It is accurate, flexible, reliable,universal and speedy device
for inspecting parts in mass production
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Important characteristics
It is best suited for checking multiple dimensions and
conditions on a part simultaneously in least possible
time.
It can be easily used for a line measurement of parts
as they are being machined and take corrective
actions.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
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Comparison of comparators
Comparator
Magnification
Mechanical
X300 to X 5000
Comparators
Electrical
Comparator
Optical
Comparator
Pneumatic
Comparator
X10000 to X
50000
upto
X1000
X9000 to
X 23000
Operating
System
Operation
Complex
Easy
Very robust
And portable
Limited
magnification
Difficult
Few moving
parts
Large
magnification
range
Electric supply
requires
Difficult
Few moving
parts.
Unaffected by
temperature
range
Difficult
Few moving
parts
Large
magnification
Complex
Complex
Simple
M305.54
Advantages
Disadvantages
Very low
magnification
Electric supply
requires
Air supply
requires
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M305.47-48
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